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You are preparing a presentation for a science project on animal habits. You found some interesting information in the article below and are now making your outline.
Animal Sleep Patterns
If you ever spend all day at home, you might notice that your pet cat sleeps a lot during the day and is quit active in the evening and early morning. Humans, on the other hand, are awake during most of the daylight and evening hours and then sleep for a long time at night.
Sleep is essential for animals’ physical and mental health, and for their bodies to function efficiently. For animals with brains and central nervous systems, sleep is generally defined as an altered state of consciousness characterized by specific body positions, closed eyes, a general decrease in physical activity, and slower response rates. Sleep also gives the brain neurons a chance to reset, and the body becomes energized. Most creatures experience states of sleep, but the types and patterns differ from species to species.
Different sleep patterns over a 24-hour cycle have been identified in various types of animals. Three common patterns are called monophasic, biphasic, and polyphasic. Monophasic sleep, experienced by humans and many larger animals, happens when one is awake and active for many hours, and then one sleeps for an extended period. Some birds, insects, and mammals utilize a kind of biphasic sleep, where the animal has two waking and sleeping times, with one sleep being long and the other like a nap. Dogs and cats are polyphasic, meaning they have four to six sleeping and waking periods throughout the day.
There are various in sleep patterns depending on the animal’s size, physical needs, and diet. Smaller animals such as squirrels or mice tend to use up their energy by moving quickly and frequently. This results in the need to sleep more often but for shorter periods of time. Lions are carnivorous animals and have longer sleeping because their food sources satisfy their hunger for periods. Large herbivores like wild horses, on the other hand, sleep less than meat-eating animals because their plant-based diet has relatively few calories, resulting in the need to spend most of their time searching for food.
Safety is another variable in sleep patterns. Animals that can create safe spaces tend to enjoy longer periods of sleep, but those that might need to stay alert sleep less. Apes sleep on platforms, high above the jungle floor, which keep them away from attackers. Some smaller animals such as rabbits create shelters by digging into the ground where it is difficult for predators to find them. As a result, they feel safer and sleep longer. In contrast, elephants often travel long distances and may feel exposed to danger from hunters or other animals, contributing to their short sleeping times.
The animal sleep patterns discussed so far tend to be typical. A pattern that may be less easily noticed in our daily lives is called unihemispheric sleep. In this type of sleep, some animals traveling in a group keep one eye open. While on side of the animal’s brain sleeps, the other side stays awake and alert to its surroundings. In this way, the animal can experience the reviving effects of sleep while also watching out for threats. This unihemispheric sleep occurs in some bird species when they are flying long distances in groups. Birds flying at the outer edge of the group use this type of sleep to help protect the other members that sleep with both eyes closed.
Besides the types of sleep explained above, there are patterns that can be considered to be sleep-like activities. Hibernation, which can be observed in black bears, is a long, inactive period when food is scarce or the weather is severe. During this time, the animal’s body temperature drops, its heart rate and breathing slow down, and it may appear dead. Creatures such as jellyfish that have no central nervous system also experience times of extreme relaxation where they remain in a less responsive state.
As shown above, sleep plays an important role in the lives of animals and it is much more complex than simply closing the eyes.
Your presentation outline
How Animals Sleep
Importance of Sleepã(ã32ã)
A. To alter body temperature
B. To maintain overall health
C. To refresh the animal’s body
D. To reset the brain neurons
Biphasic Sleep Pattern (in each 24-hour cycle)
(ã33ã)
Some Conditions Affecting Sleep Patterns
– Animals (ã34ã).
– Animals (ã35ã).
Unihemispheric Sleep
– Some birds (ã36ã).
(ã37ã)
– Black bear hibernation
– Jellyfish relaxation
å1ãUnder the heading, “Importance of Sleep,” you spotted an error in your presentation outline. Which of the following should you remove?
- A
- B
- C
- D
å2ãYou want to use a figure for the biphasic sleep pattern mentioned in the article. Choose the best option for (ã33ã).

å3ãChoose the best options for (ã34ã) and (ã35ã). (The order does not matter.)
- which burn up energy rapidly tend to sleep more often
- which continually search for food need longer sleep
- whose diet has fewer calories can sleep more easily
- whose food keeps their stomachs full usually sleep longer
- whose homes are difficult to get to typically sleep less
å4ãChoose the best option for (ã36ã).
- can be partially asleep and partially awake while in fight
- can have half of their brain sleep, leading to increased heart rate
- can keep both eyes open constantly to watch out for enemies
- can protect the outside members from inside the group
å5ãChoose the best heading for (ã37ã).
- Common Patterns of Sleep
- Natural Sleep Methods
- Reasons for Sleep
- States Similar to Sleep
解説ãå1
Under the heading, “Importance of Sleep,” you spotted an error in your presentation outline. Which of the following should you remove?
ãã¬ãŒã³ããŒã·ã§ã³ã®ã¢ãŠãã©ã€ã³ã®äžã§ããImportance of SleepããšããèŠåºãã®äžã«èª€ããèŠã€ããŸãããæ¬¡ã®ã©ããåé€ããå¿
èŠããããŸãã
ãImportance of Sleep / ç¡ç ã®éèŠæ§ãã®äžã«ããé ç®ã確èªããŸãããã
A. To alter body temperature
äœæž©ãå€ãã
ãbody temperature / äœæž©ãã«ã€ããŠãç¬¬äžæ®µèœã«ãããããŸãã
During this time, the animal’s body temperature drops, its heart rate and breathing slow down, and it may appear dead.
ãã®éãåç©ã®äœæž©ã¯äœäžããå¿ææ°ãšåŒåžã¯é
ããªããæ»ãã§ããããã«èŠããããšããããŸãã
äœæž©ãäœäžãããšæžããŠãããŸããã§ãããããã¯ã¯ãã®ãå¬ç ãã®è©±ã§ããsleep-like activities / ç¡ç ã«äŒŒã掻åãã®è©±ã§ãããŸãäœæž©ãå€åããã®ãè¯ãããšã ãšã¯ããã®èšäºã§ã¯å€æã§ããŸããããã®é ç®ã¯ãç¡ç ã®éèŠæ§ããšããŠãµãããããããŸããã
B. To maintain overall health
å
šäœçãªå¥åº·ãç¶æãã
ãhealth / å¥åº·ãã«ã€ããŠãç¬¬äºæ®µèœã«ãããããŸãã
Sleep is essential for animals’ physical and mental health, and for their bodies to function efficiently.
ç¡ç ã¯åç©ã®å¿èº«ã®å¥åº·ããããŠäœãå¹ççã«æ©èœããããã«äžå¯æ¬ ã§ãã
éžæè¢ã®ãoverall health / å šäœçãªå¥åº·ãããæ¬æã®ãphysical and mental health / å¿èº«ã®å¥åº·ãã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããŸãããã®é ç®ã¯ãç¡ç ã®éèŠæ§ããšããŠãµããããã§ãã
C. To refresh the animal’s body
åç©ã®äœããªãã¬ãã·ã¥ãã
D. To reset the brain neurons
è³ã®ãã¥ãŒãã³ããªã»ãããã
ãbody / äœããšãthe brain neurons / è³ã®ãã¥ãŒãã³ãã«ã€ããŠãç¬¬äºæ®µèœã«ãããããŸãã
Sleep also gives the brain neurons a chance to reset, and the body becomes energized.
ç¡ç ã¯ãŸããè³ã®ãã¥ãŒãã³ããªã»ããããæ©äŒãäžããäœã掻æ§åããŸãã
éžæè¢ã®ãrefresh / ãªãã¬ãã·ã¥ããããšæ¬æã®ãenergized / 粟åãäžãããã察å¿ããŠããããè³ã®ãã¥ãŒãã³ã®ãªã»ãããã«ã€ããŠãæžãããŠããŸãããããã®é ç®ã¯ãç¡ç ã®éèŠæ§ããšããŠãµããããã§ãã
ã€ãŸãåé€ããå¿ èŠãããé ç®ã¯ãAãã§ãããšããããšã§ãæ£è§£ã¯ã1ãã§ãã

å®éã«ã¯ç¡ç ã§äœæž©ã¯äžãããããã«ãã£ãŠè³ãäŒãŸãããã§ãããã ãäœæž©ãäžãããããšãéèŠã§ã¯ãªãããè³ãäŒãããããšãéèŠãªã®ã§ãããããã®æå³ã§ãã1ãã¯çå€ããªé ç®ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããã
解説ãå2
You want to use a figure for the biphasic sleep pattern mentioned in the article. Choose the best option for (ã33ã).
èšäºã«èšèŒãããŠãã biphasicç¡ç ãã¿ãŒã³ã®å³ã䜿çšããŸãã(ã33ã) ã«æé©ãªéžæè¢ãéžãã§ãã ããã

ãbiphasic sleepãã«ã€ããŠãç¬¬äžæ®µèœã«ãããããŸãã
Some birds, insects, and mammals utilize a kind of biphasic sleep, where the animal has two waking and sleeping times, with one sleep being long and the other like a nap.
äžéšã®é³¥ãæè«ãåºä¹³é¡ã¯ biphasicç¡ç ã®äžçš®ãå©çšããŠããŸããããã¯ãåç©ã¯2åã®èµ·åºãšå°±å¯ã®æéããããäžæ¹ã®ç¡ç ã¯é·ããããäžæ¹ã¯æŒå¯ã®ãããªãã®ã§ã
é·ãç¡ç ãšãæŒå¯ã®ãããªçãç¡ç ãããã°ã©ãã¯ã4ãã§ãããšããããšã§ãæ£è§£ã¯ã4ãã§ãã

人éã§ãæŒå¯ããããªããŸããããããããããšãæ¬æ¥ã¯äººéã biphasicç¡ç ã ã£ããããŠâŠ
解説ãå3
Choose the best options for (ã34ã) and (ã35ã).
ïŒã34ãïŒãšïŒã35ãïŒã«æé©ãªéžæè¢ãéžãã§ãã ãã
ïŒã34ãïŒãšïŒã35ãïŒã¯ Your presentation outline ã®ãSome Conditions Affecting Sleep Patterns / ç¡ç ãã¿ãŒã³ã«åœ±é¿ãäžããããã€ãã®ç¶æ ãã®é ç®ã«ãããŸãã
Some Conditions Affecting Sleep Patterns
ç¡ç ãã¿ãŒã³ã«åœ±é¿ãäžããããã€ãã®æ¡ä»¶
– Animals (ã34ã).
– Animals (ã35ã).
éžæè¢ã確èªããŸãããã
1. which burn up energy rapidly tend to sleep more often
ãšãã«ã®ãŒãæ¥éã«æ¶è²»ããåç©ã¯ãããé »ç¹ã«ç ãåŸåããã
ããšãã«ã®ãŒãæ¥éã«æ¶è²»ãããã«ã€ããŠãç¬¬åæ®µèœã«ãããããŸãã
Smaller animals such as squirrels or mice tend to use up their energy by moving quickly and frequently. This results in the need to sleep more often but for shorter periods of time.
ãªã¹ãããºããªã©ã®å°ååç©ã¯ãçŽ æ©ãé »ç¹ã«ç§»åããããšã§ãšãã«ã®ãŒãæ¶è²»ããåŸåããããŸãããã®ãããç¡ç ã¯ããé »ç¹ã«å¿
èŠã«ãªããŸãããç¡ç æéã¯çããªããŸãã
éžæè¢ã®ãrapidly / æ¥éã«ããšæ¬æã®ãquickly and frequently / çŽ æ©ãé »ç¹ã«ãã察å¿ããŠããŸãããé »ç¹ãªç¡ç ãå¿ èŠããšæžããŠãããŸãããã®éžæè¢ãæ£ããã§ãã
2. which continually search for food need longer sleep
æç¶çã«é£ã¹ç©ãæ¢ããŠããåç©ã¯ãããé·ãç¡ç ãå¿
èŠãšãã
ãæç¶çã«é£ã¹ç©ãæ¢ããŠããåç©ãã«ã€ããŠãç¬¬åæ®µèœã«ãããããŸãã
Large herbivores like wild horses, on the other hand, sleep less than meat-eating animals because their plant-based diet has relatively few calories, resulting in the need to spend most of their time searching for food.
äžæ¹ãéçã®éЬãªã©ã®å€§åèé£åç©ã¯ãèé£åç©ãããç¡ç æéãçãã§ãããšããã®ãæ€ç©ããŒã¹ã®é£äºã¯æ¯èŒçã«ããªãŒãå°ãªããããã»ãšãã©ã®æéã飿æ¢ãã«è²»ããå¿
èŠãããããã§ãã
ãæç¶çã«é£ã¹ç©ãæ¢ããŠããåç©ãã§ãã倧åã®èé£åç©ã¯ãç¡ç æéãçããšæžããŠãããŸãããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
3. whose diet has fewer calories can sleep more easily
é£äºã®ã«ããªãŒãå°ãªãåç©ã¯ãããæ°æ¥œã«ç ãã
ãæ°æ¥œã«ç ãããã«ã€ããŠãç¬¬äºæ®µèœã«ãããããŸãã
As a result, they feel safer and sleep longer.
ãã®çµæã圌ãã¯ããå®å
šã ãšæããããé·ãç ããŸãã
ãããããã®å®å šãæããŠç ãåç©ã¯ãé£äºã®ã«ããªãŒãå°ãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãããå®å šãªå Žæãäœãããšãã§ããåç©ãã§ãããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
4. whose food keeps their stomachs full usually sleep longer
é£ã¹ç©ã§ãè
¹ãæºããããåç©ã¯ããµã€ãã¯ããé·ãç ã
ããè ¹ãæºãããããã«ã€ããŠãç¬¬åæ®µèœã«ãããããŸãã
Lions are carnivorous animals and have longer sleeping because their food sources satisfy their hunger for periods.
ã©ã€ãªã³ã¯èé£åç©ã§ã飿æºãäžå®æé空è
¹ãæºãããããç¡ç æéã¯ããé·ããªããŸã
ç©ºè ¹ãæºãããããšç¡ç æéãé·ããªããšæžããŠãããŸãããã®éžæè¢ãæ£ããã§ãã
5. whose homes are difficult to get to typically sleep less
äœãŸãã«åž°ãã®ãé£ããåç©ã¯ãéåžžããç¡ç ãçã
ç¬¬äºæ®µèœã«ãããããŸãã
Animals that can create safe spaces tend to enjoy longer periods of sleep, but those that might need to stay alert sleep less.
å®å
šãªå Žæãäœãããšãã§ããåç©ã¯ç¡ç æéãé·ããªãåŸåããããŸãããèŠæãç¶ããå¿
èŠãããåç©ã¯ç¡ç æéãçããªããŸãã
ãã®äŸã§åºãŠããç¡ç æéã®çãåç©ã¯ããŸãŠãã§ããããããŸãŠã«ã€ããŠãç¬¬äºæ®µèœã«ãããããŸãã
In contrast, elephants often travel long distances and may feel exposed to danger from hunters or other animals, contributing to their short sleeping times.
察ç
§çã«ããŸãŠã¯é·è·é¢ãç§»åããããšãå€ãããã³ã¿ãŒãä»ã®åç©ããã®å±éºã«ãããããŠãããšæããç¡ç æéãçããªãããšããããŸãã
ãŸãŠã®ç¡ç æéãçãã®ã¯ãäœãŸãã«åž°ãã®ãé£ããããã§ã¯ãªããäœãŸããæããããã®çµæå±éºãæããŠããããã§ãããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
ãšããããšã§ãæ£è§£ã¯ã1ããšã4ãã§ãã

åç©åã§ãã©ã€ãªã³ã¯ãããŠãå¯ãŠããŠããŠãã¯èµ·ããŠããŸããããããã«ã¯ããããçç±ããã£ãã®ã§ããã
解説ãå4
Choose the best option for (ã36ã).
ïŒã36ãïŒã«æé©ãªéžæè¢ãéžãã§ãã ãã
ïŒã36ãïŒã¯ Your presentation outline ã®ãUnihemispheric Sleepãã®é ç®ã«ãããŸãã
Unihemispheric Sleep
– Some birds (ã36ã).
ãUnihemispheric Sleepãã®é³¥ã«ã€ããŠãåœãŠã¯ãŸããã®ãéžã¶åé¡ã§ããéžæè¢ã確èªããŸãããã
1. can be partially asleep and partially awake while in fight
æŠéäžã«éšåçã«ç ã£ãããéšåçã«ç®èŠãããããããšãã§ããŸã
ãéšåçã«ç ã£ãããéšåçã«ç®èŠããããã«ã€ããŠãç¬¬å æ®µèœã«ãããããŸãã
While on side of the animal’s brain sleeps, the other side stays awake and alert to its surroundings.
åç©ã®è³ã®çåŽãç ã£ãŠããéãããçåŽã¯èµ·ããŠããŠåšå²ã«èŠæããŠããŸãã
ãUnihemispheric Sleepãã®é³¥ã¯ãéšåçã«ç ã£ãããéšåçã«ç®èŠãããã§ããŸãããã®éžæè¢ãæ£è§£ã§ãã
2. can have half of their brain sleep, leading to increased heart rate
è³ã®ååãç ã£ãŠãããããå¿ææ°ãäžæããŸã
å¿ææ°ã®äœäžã«ã€ããŠã¯ãç¬¬äžæ®µèœã«ãblack bearsãã®äŸããããŸãããå¿ææ°ã®å¢å ã«ã€ããŠã®èšè¿°ã¯ããã®èšäºã«ã¯ãããŸããããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
3. can keep both eyes open constantly to watch out for enemies
æµãèŠæããããã«äž¡ç®ãåžžã«éãããŸãŸã«ããããšãã§ããŸã
ãç®ãéãããã«ã€ããŠãç¬¬å æ®µèœã«ãããããŸãã
In this type of sleep, some animals traveling in a group keep one eye open.
ãã®ã¿ã€ãã®ç¡ç ã§ã¯ã矀ãã§ç§»åããåç©ã®äžã«çæ¹ã®ç®ãéããŠããåç©ãããŸãã
ãUnihemispheric Sleepãã®é³¥ã¯çæ¹ã®ç®ãéãããŸãŸç¡ç ãããã®çæ¹ã®ç®ã§åšå²ãèŠæããŸãããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
4. can protect the outside members from inside the group
矀ãã®å
åŽããå€åŽã®ä»²éãå®ãããšãã§ããŸã
ã矀ãã®å åŽã»å€åŽãã«ã€ããŠãç¬¬å æ®µèœã«ãããããŸãã
Birds flying at the outer edge of the group use this type of sleep to help protect the other members that sleep with both eyes closed.
矀ãã®å€åŽãé£ã¶é³¥ã¯ãäž¡ç®ãéããŠç ãä»ã®ä»²éãå®ãããã«ããã®ã¿ã€ãã®ç¡ç ã䜿çšããŸãã
å åŽãå€åŽãå®ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããå€åŽãå åŽãå®ããŸãããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
ãšããããšã§ãæ£è§£ã¯ã1ãã§ãã

ãUnihemispheric SleepããããŒã¯ãŒããªã®ã§ãç¬¬å æ®µèœã該åœéšåã ãšããããŸããããšããã§å€äžã«ãã€ã¬ã«è¡ããšããäž¡ç®ãéããã®ãã ãããŠçç®ã§è¡ãããšãããã®ã§ããããã®è©±ãèããšããã®è¡åãå€å°ã¯æå³ãããã®ããªãã
解説ãå5
Choose the best heading for (ã37ã).
ïŒã37ãïŒã«æé©ãªèŠåºããéžæããŠãã ããã
ïŒã37ãïŒã¯ãYour presentation outlineãã®æåŸã«ãããããŸãã
ïŒã37ãïŒ
– Black bear hibernation / ã¯ãã¯ãã®å¬ç
– Jellyfish relaxation / ã¯ã©ã²ã®åŒç·©ç¶æ
ãã¯ãã¯ãã®å¬ç ããšãã¯ã©ã²ã®åŒç·©ç¶æ ãã«ãå ±éãããã®ãéžã¶åé¡ã§ããéžæè¢ã確èªããŸãããã
1. Common Patterns of Sleep
äžè¬çãªç¡ç ãã¿ãŒã³
2. Natural Sleep Methods
èªç¶ãªç¡ç æ¹æ³
3. Reasons for Sleep
ç¡ç ã®çç±
4. States Similar to Sleep
ç¡ç ã«äŒŒãç¶æ
ç¬¬äžæ®µèœã«ãããããŸãã
Besides the types of sleep explained above, there are patterns that can be considered to be sleep-like activities.
äžèšã§èª¬æããç¡ç ã®çš®é¡ä»¥å€ã«ããç¡ç ã«äŒŒã掻åãšèŠãªãããšãã§ãããã¿ãŒã³ããããŸãã
ãã®åŸã«ãBlack bear hibernationããšãJellyfish relaxationãã®äŸã玹ä»ãããŸããã€ãŸããã®äºã€ã®äŸã¯ããsleep-like activities / ç¡ç ã«äŒŒã掻åãã§ãã
ãšããããšã§ãæ£è§£ã¯ã4ãã§ãã

ãhibernationãã®æå³ãé£ããã§ãããã¯ãã®ãäœæž©ãäœäžãããå¿ææ°ãšåŒåžãé ããªãããæ»ãã§ããããã«èŠããããšããã°ããå¬ç ãã ãšæšæž¬ã§ããŸããããããšåžžèã§èããŠããäžè¬çãªç¡ç ãã¿ãŒã³ããšãèªç¶ãªç¡ç æ¹æ³ãã§ã¯ãªããšå€æãã§ããŸãã

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