【解説】2015年センター試験英語第6問「論説文読解」

問題次の文章を読み、下の問いに答えよ。なお文章の左にある(1)～(6)はパラグラフ(段落)の番号を表している。

Catching Bees and Counting Fish: How “Citizen Science” Works

(1)　It’s a sunny afternoon here in Texas, and my wife Barbara is at the park again, counting and recording the number of eggs laid by monarch butterflies. After collecting her data, she’ll share it with the professional scientist who recruited her. In another state, our friend Antonio listens for frogs by visiting 12 different sites, four times a year. He has been submitting his findings to scientist for almost 20 years now. And on the other side of the country, our niece Emily is catching native bees, putting tiny tags on them, and handing in weekly reports to the biology department at a local university. Nobody is paying Barbara, Antonio, or Emily for their efforts, but all three consider themselves lucky to be “citizen scientists.”

問1
The citizen scientists in Paragraph (1) (　　).

1. compare their data with that of other volunteers
2. earn some money for the information they gather
3. monitor the life cycles of insects in laboratories
4. report on their results or activities to professionals

問題次の文章を読み、下の問いに答えよ。なお文章の左にある(1)～(6)はパラグラフ(段落)の番号を表している。

(2)　When volunteers participate as assistants in activities like these, they are engaging in citizen science, a valuable research technique that invites the public to assist in gathering information. Some of them are science in nature. They also take pride in aiding scientists and indirectly helping to protect the environment. The movement they are involved in is not a new one. In fact, its roots go back over a hundred years. One of the earliest projects of this type is the Christmas Bird Count, started by the National Audubon Society in 1990. However, citizen science projects are burgeoning more than ever: over 60 of them were mentioned at a meeting of the Ecological Society of America not long ago.

問2
The word burgeoning in Paragraph (2) is closest meaning to (　　).

1. causing arguments
2. increasing rapidly
3. losing popularity
4. receiving awards

問題次の文章を読み、下の問いに答えよ。なお文章の左にある(1)～(6)はパラグラフ(段落)の番号を表している。

(3)　In formal studies, professional scientists and other experts need to maintain the highest possible standards. For research to be accepted as valid, it must not only be through, but also objective and accurate. Some might argue that citizen scientists cannot maintain the necessary attention to detail, or amateurs will misunderstand the context of the investigation and make mistakes when collecting and organizing information. In other words, can citizen science be considered truly reliable?

(4)　Two recent studies show that it can. The first focused on volunteer knowledge and skills. In this study, a scientist asked volunteers to identify types of crabs along the Atlantic coast of the US. He found that almost all adult volunteers could perform the task and even third graders in elementary school had an 80% success rate. The second study compared professional and nonprofessional methods. Following a strict traditional procedure, a group of 12 scuba divers identified 106 species of fish in the Caribbean. Using a procedure designed by professionals to be more relaxed and enjoyable for volunteers, a second group of 12 divers spent the same amount of time in the same waters. Surprisingly, the second method was even more successful: this group identified a total of 137 species. Results like these suggest that research assisted by amateurs can be trusted when scientists organize it.

問3
Why does the author emphasize an 80% success rate in Paragraph(4)?
1. To contrast negatively with the adults’ success rate
2. To demonstrate the high quality of the overall results
3. To emphasize how many types of crabs there are
4. To reveal the elementary students’ lack of skills

問題次の文章を読み、下の問いに答えよ。なお文章の左にある(1)～(6)はパラグラフ(段落)の番号を表している。

(5)　The best citizen science projects are win-win situations. On the one hand, the scientific community gains access to far more data than they would otherwise have, while spending less money. On the other hand, citizen science is good for the general public: it gets people out into the natural world and involved in scientific processes. Additionally, when people take part in a well-designed study that includes training to use equipment, collect data, and share their findings, they have the satisfaction of learning about new ideas and technologies.

(6)　I find it encouraging that the list of scientific studies using citizen scientists is quickly getting longer. Still, we’re just beginning to realize the potential of citizen science. More scientists need to recognize how much volunteers can contribute to professional research. As I see it, it’s time for up to expand the old, conservative view of “science for people” to include a more democratic one of “science by people.”

問4
What personal view is expressed in Paragraph(6)?

1. Eventually, scientific knowledge will come mainly from amateurs.
2. Not enough scientists appreciate the advantages of citizen science.
3. The recent shift toward relying on volunteer data is disappointing.
4. Too many studies using citizen science are now being conducted.

問題次の文章を読み、下の問いに答えよ。なお文章の左にある(1)～(6)はパラグラフ(段落)の番号を表している。

(1)　It’s a sunny afternoon here in Texas, and my wife Barbara is at the park again, counting and recording the number of eggs laid by monarch butterflies. After collecting her date, she’ll share it with the professional scientist who recruited her. In another state, our friend Antonio listens for frogs by visiting 12 different sites, four times a year. He has been submitting his findings scientist for almost 20 years now. And on the other side of the country, our niece Emily is catching native bees, putting tiny tags on them, and handing in weekly reports to the biology department at a local university. Nobody is paying Barbara, Antonio, or Emily for their efforts, but all three consider themselves lucky to be “citizen scientists.”

(2)　When volunteers participate as assistants in activities like these, they are engaging in citizen science, a valuable research technique that invites the public to assist in gathering information. Some of them are science in nature. They also take pride in aiding scientists and indirectly helping to protect the environment. The movement they are involved in is not a new one. In fact, its roots go back over a hundred years. One of the earliest projects of this type is the Christmas Bird Count, started by the National Audubon Society in 1990. However, citizen science projects are burgeoning more than ever: over 60 of them were mentioned at a meeting of the Ecological Society of America not long ago.

(3)　In formal studies, professional scientists and other experts need to maintain the highest possible standards. For research to be accepted as valid, it must not only be through, but also objective and accurate. Some might argue that citizen scientists cannot maintain the necessary attention to detail, or amateurs will misunderstand the context of the investigation and make mistakes when collecting and organizing information. In other words, can citizen science be considered truly reliable?

(4)　Two recent studies show that it can. The first focused on volunteer knowledge and skills. In this study, a scientist asked volunteers to identify types of crabs along the Atlantic coast of the US. He found that almost all adult volunteers could perform the task and even third graders in elementary school had an 80% success rate. The second study compared professional and nonprofessional methods. Following a strict traditional procedure, a group of 12 scuba divers identified 106 species of fish in the Caribbean. Using a procedure designed by professionals to be more relaxed and enjoyable for volunteers, a second group of 12 divers spent the same amount of time in the same waters. Surprisingly, the second method was even more successful: this group identified a total of 137 species. Results like these suggest that research assisted by amateurs can be trusted when scientists organize it.

(5)　The best citizen science projects are win-win situations. On the one hand, the scientific community gains access to far more data than they would otherwise have, while spending less money. On the other hand, citizen science is good for the general public: it gets people out into the natural world and involved in scientific processes. Additionally, when people take part in a well-designed study that includes training to use equipment, collect data, and share their findings, they have the satisfaction of learning about new ideas and technologies.

(6)　I find it encouraging that the list of scientific studies using citizen scientists is quickly getting longer. Still, we’re just beginning to realize the potential of citizen science. More scientists need to recognize how much volunteers can contribute to professional research. As I see it, it’s time for up to expand the old, conservative view of “science for people” to include a more democratic one of “science by people.”

問5
What is the author’s main message in this article?

1. Citizen science benefits volunteers, professionals, and society.
2. Scientific research should be left in the hands of specialists.
3. There is a long history of volunteers identifying fish species.
4. Tradition science has been replaced by citizen science.

問題B
次の表は、本文の段落構成と内容をまとめたものである。(52)～(55)に入れるのに最も適当なものを、下の1～4のうちから一つずつ選び、表を完成させよ。ただし、同じものを繰り返し選んではいけない。

1. Concerns: Volunteer skills and knowledge
2. Evidence: Successful volunteer efforts
3. Explanation: Definition and history
4. Opinion: Merits for everyone involved