å1
å顿¬¡ã®æç« ãèªã¿ãäžã®åãã®(ããã)ã«å ¥ããã®ã«æãé©åœãªãã®ããäžã®1ïœ4ã®ãã¡ãã1ã€éžã¹ããªããæç« ã®å·Šã«ãã(1)ïœ(6)ã¯æ®µèœã®çªå·ã衚ããŠããã
(1)ãRats, mice, hamsters, and squirrels belong to a large group of animals called rodents. It is estimated that there are about 2,000 species of rodent, and they are believed to be one of the most successful group of animals we know. They are considered successful because the rodent group accounts for over 40% of all mammal species on earth. Of all the rodent the mouse-like rodents, such as those mentioned above, are probably the most successful, and it has been suggested that what makes them so is their teeth.
(2)ãRodent’ teeth enable them to eat a wide range of food, such as leaves, roots, nuts, and seeds. All rodents have four very sharp teeth at the front of their mouthsïŒtwo at the top and two at the bottom. These teeth are called incisors, but unlike the incisors of most other mammals, they never stop growing. So whatever their age, rodents will always have fresh, sharp teeth to eat with. In addition, they also have extremely strong muscles around their mouths, which enables them to bite through the shells of nuts and seeds. Many other mammals and birds cannot do this, so the seeds they eat pass through their bodies undigested, and the nutrition within them is unused.
å1
Paragraph (2) states that (ããã).
1. most birds and mammals can also digest the seeds they eat
2. mouse-like rodents are not as successful as other animals
3. mouse-like rodents cannot bite into the center of nuts and seeds
4. rodents have four incisors and powerful muscles around their mouths
ã解説ã
ã(2)段èœã¯ (ããã) ãšè¿°ã¹ãŠããã
ãšããããšã§(2)ãèªãã°ãããã§ããããš(2)ããèªã¿å§ããŠããããªã Rodent ãªããŠè±åèªãã§ãŠãããããæ°æã¡ãæãããŠããŸã£ã人ãå€ãã£ããããããŸãããåèªåãããã²ãšãªãããã®ããæ¹ã§å€§äžå€«ã§ãããæ®éã®äººã¯ãã¯ãæåããç®ãéãã®ãç¡é£ã§ãããã
ãã©ãããããŠã¹ããã ã¹ã¿ãŒããããŠãªã¹ã¯ rodents ãšåŒã°ããåç©ã®å€§ããªã°ã«ãŒãã«å±ããŠããŸãã
squirrel ãããªã¹ããšç¥ã£ãŠãã人ã¯å°ãªããããããŸããããrat ãäœãªã®ãããããªã人ããããããããŸãããããŸã mice ã mouse ã®è€æ°åœ¢ã ãšæ°ã€ããªããããããŸããã
ããã hamster ãããã ã¹ã¿ãŒããªã®ã¯ããããŸããããŸãã¯ããããåããã°OKã§ããã€ãŸãããã ã¹ã¿ãŒãšãããšãªããããããã rodents ãšããã°ã«ãŒãã«å±ããŠããããšããããšãåããã°ããã§ãããã
ã¡ãªã¿ã«ãã©ããããšãããŠã¹ãã®éãã¯å€§ããã ããã§ããã³ã远ã£ãããã®ã¯ãããŠã¹ããªãã ããã§ããã§ã¯ãã©ãããã¯äœã«è¿œã£ãããããã®ããšãããšããç¬ããªãã ããã§ãã
ã§ã¯(2)ã«é²ã¿ãŸãããã
ãRodent ã®æ¯ã«ãã£ãŠã圌ãã¯åºãç¯å²ã®é£ã¹ç©ãé£ã¹ãããšãã§ãããleaves (è)ãroots (æ ¹)ã nuts (æšã®å®)ããã㊠seeds (çš®)ã
ããã¹ãŠã® rodents ã«ã¯4ã€ã®ã·ã£ãŒããªæ¯ãå£ã®åã«ããã2ã€ã¯äžã«2ã€ã¯äžã«ã
倧äžå€«ãšã¯æããŸããããã®æã§åºãŠãã mouth ã¯ãå£ãã§ãã£ãŠãmouse / ããã¿ãã§ã¯ãããŸãããã
ããããã®æ¯ã¯ incisors ãšåŒã°ããŸããããããä»ã®ã»ãšãã©ã®åºä¹³é¡ã® incisors ãšã¯éãããããã¯æé·ããããšã決ããŠãããŸããã
incisors ãšããè±åèªãåãããªã人ãå€ããšæããŸãããäœãæãã®ãã¯ãã®åã®æããçè§£ã§ããŸãããç°¡åã«èšãã°ã忝ãã§ãããé£ããèšãæ¹ã ãšã鿝ãã§ããã
ãããã§äœæ³ã«ãªã£ãŠããrodents ã¯ãã€ããã¬ãã·ã¥ã§ã·ã£ãŒããªæ¯ãæã€ã®ã§ãããããããŠããã䜿ã£ãŠé£ã¹ãŸãã
will ã¯ãäž»èªã®æå¿ããšã話è ã®äºæž¬ãã§ããããã§ã¯ will ã¯ã話è ã®äºæž¬ããšããŠæå³ããšãããã®ãåãããããã§ãããããwill = æªæ¥ããšããã®ã¯äžåŠã¬ãã«ã®è©±ã§ã倧åŠå ¥è©Šã®ããšãèãããšããã¯åæ¥ãã¹ãã§ããã
ãå ããŠã圌ãã«ã¯å£ã®åšãã«ç¹ã«åŒ·ãçèããããããã®ãããã§æšã®å®ãçš®ã®æ®»ãåã¿éãããšãã§ããŸãã
, which ãšããããšã§ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã®éå¶éçšæ³ã䜿ãããŠããŸãããããã¯èª¬æã®ä»ãå ãã«ãªããŸãã®ã§ãé¢ä¿è©ã®åãŸã§ã®èª¬æã§çè§£ã§ããã°ãã®åŸã¯èªãå¿ èŠã¯ãªããšããããšã§ããç¹ã«ããããé·æåé¡ã§ã¯æéãšã®æŠãã§ããããåããéšåã¯ã©ãã©ãåã£ãŠãã工倫ãå¿ èŠã§ãããã
ãå€ãã®ä»ã®åºä¹³é¡ãšé³¥é¡ã«ã¯ãããã§ããŸãããããã§åœŒããé£ã¹ãçš®ã¯æ¶åãããã«äœãéã£ãŠããããŠãããã®äžã®æ é€ã¯äœ¿ãããŸããã
ã§ã¯éžæè¢ãèŠãŠã¿ãŸãããã
1. most birds and mammals can also digest the seeds they eat
ãã»ãšãã©ã®é³¥é¡ãšåºä¹³é¡ããŸã圌ããé£ã¹ãçš®ãæ¶åããããšãã§ããã
(2)ã®äžçªæåŸã®æã« undigested ãšãããŸãããdigest ã®æå³ãåãããªããŠãããããããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããšåããããª?
2. mouse-like rodents are not as successful as other animals
ãããã¿ã®ãã㪠rodents ã¯ä»ã®åç©ã»ã©æåããŠããªãã
ããŒãã»ã»ã»å 容ãéãã®ã¯åœç¶ãšããŠã»ã»ã»ããã¯(1)ã«æžãããŠããããšã§ããããã®ç¹ã§ããã®éžæè¢ã¯ãã¡ïŒ
3. mouse-like rodents cannot bite into the center of nuts and seeds
ãããã¿ã®ãã㪠rodents ã¯æšã®å®ãçš®ã®äžå¿ãŸã§ããããšãã§ããªãã
åžžèã§èããŠããã ã¹ã¿ãŒãªããã¯ããã¯ãªã®çš®ãé£ã¹ãŠããŸãããããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããšåãããŸãããæ¬æã§ã¯bite through the shells ãšãªã£ãŠããŸãããããããã®èšãæã衚çŸã§ãã
4. rodents have four incisors and powerful muscles around their mouths
ãrodents ã¯4ã€ã® incisors ãšå£ã®åšãã«ãã¯ãã«ãªçèãããã
ããã¯æžãããŠãããŸããæ£è§£ã®éžæè¢ã®äžã« rodents ãš incisors ãšããç¥ããªã人ãå€ãããªè±åèªãçŽã蟌ãŸããŠãããããã«ãã»ã³ã¿ãŒè©Šéšåé¡äœæè ã®æªæ (?) ãèŠãé ãããŸãããããããããšããããè±åè±çãåé¡ã®éžæè¢ã¯ãæ¬æããå ã«èªãã§ã¯ãããªãããšããè§£ãæ¹ã®æé ãæå¹ãªã®ã§ãã
ãæ£è§£ã4
å2
å顿¬¡ã®æç« ãèªã¿ãäžã®åãã®(ããã)ã«å ¥ããã®ã«æãé©åœãªãã®ããäžã®1ïœ4ã®ãã¡ãã1ã€éžã¹ããªããæç« ã®å·Šã«ãã(1)ïœ(6)ã¯æ®µèœã®çªå·ã衚ããŠããã
(3)ãNuts and seeds are very nutritious. Some seeds, such as sunflower seed, sesame seeds, and peanuts, are very high in fat and protein. There are benefits of being able to eat these energy-rich foods: a lot of energy is gained in a short period of time; spending less time outside the home searching for food reduces the risk of being killed by other animals; and the time saved can be spent reproducing and looking after their young.
å2
In paragraph (3), which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of eating energy-rich foods?
1. Eating food high in fat and protein helps rodents develop muscular bodies.
2. It takes little time to get enough food to satisfy the body’s energy requirements.
3. Less time is spent being exposed to the dangers of being eaten by another animal.
4. The time that is not spent searching for food can be used for raising a family.
ã解説ã
ã(3)段èœã§ã¯ããšãã«ã®ãŒãè±å¯ãªé£ã¹ç©ãé£ã¹ãããšã®å©ç¹ãšããŠè¿°ã¹ãããŠããªããã®ã¯æ¬¡ã®ã©ãã?ã
èšåã® NOT ããããã倧æåã§æžãããŠãããšããããšã¯ãããã«æ³šæããªãããããšããã¡ãã»ãŒãžã§ããå®éã®åé¡ã§ãç®ç«ã€ããã«ãã©ã³ããå€ããããŠããŸãã®ã§ãã¡ãããšå顿ã«ç®ãéãããªããŸããèŠèœãšã人ã¯ããªããšæãããŸãã
ãããäžã«ã¯èŠé ãããŸããŠããã©ãã(3)段èœã«æžãããŠããããšãéžã¹ãçãªåé¡ã ããããšèšåãèªãŸãã«ãã£ã人ããããããããŸããããããªäººã¯ã»ã³ã¿ãŒè©Šéšåºé¡è ã®çœ ã«ãŸããŸãšããã£ãŠããŸãããã§ããã»ã³ã¿ãŒè©Šéšã®ç¹ã«è±èªåé¡ã¯æéãšã®æŠãã§ã¯ãããŸããããšããã©ããã«ããããçœ ã仿ããããŠããŸãã®ã§ãã¹ããŒããæèããªãããäžå¯§ã«åãçµãå¿ èŠããããŸããã
ããããããšãèžãŸããŠ(3)段èœãèªãã§ãããš
ãããã®ãšãã«ã®ãŒè±å¯ãªé£åãé£ã¹ãããšãã§ããããšã®å©ç¹
ãšããæã«åºããããŸããããã¯èšåã®
ãšãã«ã®ãŒè±å¯ãªé£åãé£ã¹ãããšã®å©ç¹
ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããããšã¯åãããŸããã
ãããŠæ¬æã®ãã®ç¶ããèŠãŠã¿ããšããã»ã»ã»ã»ã»ã» ; ã»ã»ã»ã»ã» ; and ã»ã»ã»ã»ã»ã»ã ãšãã圢ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããã«ã³ã®éã人ãªããããã§ãã³ãšæ¥ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ãããã?
éžæè¢ã¯4ã€ã§ããããããŠä»åã®åé¡ã¯ãæ¬æã«æžãããŠããªããã®ãéžã¶ããšãããã®ã§ããã€ãŸãéžæè¢ã®ãã¡3ã€ã¯æ¬æã«æžãããŠããå 容ãšããããšã§ãã
ãšããããšã¯å ã»ã©ç¢ºèªããããã»ã»ã»ã»ã»ã» ; ã»ã»ã»ã»ã» ; and ã»ã»ã»ã»ã»ã» ãã®ããããã®éšåããããããéžæè¢ã®ã©ããã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããã®ã§ãããã
ãŸãã¯æåã®éšåãã
çæéã§ããããã®ãšãã«ã®ãŒãåŸãããŸã
ããã察å¿ããŠããã®ã¯ã
2. It takes little time to get enough food to satisfy the body’s energy requirements.
äœã®ãšãã«ã®ãŒèŠä»¶ãæºããããã®ååãªé£ç©ãåŸãã®ã«å°ãæéãããããŸãã
ã§ãããç°¡åã«èšãã°ãçãæéã§ãããããšãã«ã®ãŒãåŸãããããšããããšã§ãã
次ã¯çãäžã®éšå
å®¶ã®å€ã§é£ã¹ç©ãæ¢ãæéãæžããããšã§ãä»ã®åç©ã«æ®ºããããªã¹ã¯ãæžããããšãã§ããŸã
ããã察å¿ããŠããã®ã¯ã
3. Less time is spent being exposed to the dangers of being eaten by another animal.
ä»ã®åç©ã«é£ã¹ãããå±éºã«ãããããæéãå°ãªããªããŸãã
ã§ãããç°¡åã«èšãã°ãå€ã«ããæéãå°ãªããã°ãä»ã®åç©ã«é£ã¹ãããå±éºãå°ãªããªãããšããããšã§ãã
æåŸã®éšåã¯
ç¯çŽãããæéã¯ãç¹æ®ãšè¥è ã®äžè©±ã«è²»ããããšãã§ããŸã
ããã察å¿ããŠããã®ã¯ã
4. The time that is not spent searching for food can be used for raising a family.
é£ã¹ç©ãæ¢ãã®ã«è²»ãããªãæéã¯ãå®¶æãè²ãŠãã®ã«äœ¿ãããšãã§ããŸãã
ã§ãããç°¡åã«èšãã°ãé£ã¹ç©ãæ¢ãæéæžãã°ããã®ååäŸã®äžè©±ãããããšãã§ããããšããããšã§ãã
ãšãªãã°ãæ®ã£ãéžæè¢1ãçã«ãªããŸãã
ãšã¯ãããéžæè¢1ã«ãã high in fat and protein ãšããèªå¥ãæ¬æã«ãããŸãã®ã§ãé ãåããŠããªããã°éžæè¢1ã®å å®¹ãæ¬æã«ããããŠããããšåéããã人ããããããããŸãããã
äºéäžéã«çœ ã仿ããããŠããå°ããããããåé¡ã§ãããã
ãæ£è§£ã1
å3
å顿¬¡ã®æç« ãèªã¿ãäžã®åãã®(ããã)ã«å ¥ããã®ã«æãé©åœãªãã®ããäžã®1ïœ4ã®ãã¡ãã1ã€éžã¹ããªããæç« ã®å·Šã«ãã(1)ïœ(6)ã¯æ®µèœã®çªå·ã衚ããŠããã
(4)ãSuccessful reproduction is essential to the survival of a species. However, it can be a double-edged sword. That is, it has good points and bad points. Many rats and mice are eaten by other animals before they die of natural causes, so being able to reproduce quickly is a good thing as it increases the species’ chances of survival. For example, a Norwegian rat could have 56 children and over 400 grandchildren within 20 weeks of being born. On the other hand, if reproduction is too successful and there is a huge increase in population in a short time, then there will not be enough food available for all of them to survive. When this happens, thousands and thousands die, resulting in a population crash.
å3
According to paragraph (4), (ããã).
1ãthe good point of having many young is that they exhibit different traits
2ãthe increase in the population of a species may lead to food shortages
3ãthe Norwegian rat is a good example of surviving food shortages
4ãthe population of rodents is kept down by natural death
ã解説ã
ã(4)段èœã«ãããšã(ãã)ã
ããã¯åã«(4)段èœã«æžããŠããããšãéžã¹ã°ããã§ããã
(4)段èœãèªãã§ãããš However ãšããåèªãåºãŠããŸããæå³ã¯ãããããªããããããã¯ãéæ¥ã®æ¥ç¶è©ãã§ããã®åŸãã«ã¯éèŠãªèšèããããšãã»ã³ã¿ãŒè©Šéšè±èªã§ã¯æå(?)ã§ããã
èªãã§ãããš a double-edged sword ãšãããŸããæ¥æ¬èªã§èšããšã諞åã®å£ãã§ããã諞åã®å£???ããšãªã£ãŠããŸã£ã人ãå®å¿ããŠãã ãããç¶ãã§èª¬æããŠãããŠããŸãã
ããã¯ããããšãšæªãããšããããšããããšã§ãã
ããã¯ãã£ãŠããã諞åã®å£ããšããèšèã䜿ãæãšããã®ã¯ãåã«ããããšãšæªãããšã察æ¯ãããšãããããããããæªãããšãã®æ¹ã«ç®ãåãããããæ°æã¡ã蟌ããããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ãããã?
ãããªããšãèžãŸããŠç¶ããèŠãŠãããŸãããã
ããããã£ãããã§ãç¹æ®ãéãã§ããããšã¯ããããšãªã®ã§ãã
so ã¯ãçµæããå°ãæ¥ç¶è©ã§ãããããã®åã«ãçç±ããããããšãåãããŸããã軜ãè§ŠããŠãããšãå€ãã® rats ã mice ã¯èªç¶ã«æ»ã¬åã«ãä»ã®åç©ã«é£ã¹ãããŠããŸãããšããããšã§ããã
ããã«ç¶ããèŠãŠãããšãä»åºŠã¯ On the other hand ãšããèªå¥ãåºãŠããŸãããæå³ã¯ã仿¹ã§ã¯ãã§ããã€ãŸãå ã»ã©ãŸã§ã¯ã諞åã®å£ãã®ãããããšãã ã£ãã®ããä»ãããæªãããšãã§ããããšããããšãããã®æ¥ç¶è©ã§æããŠãããŠããã®ã§ãã
ããã§ç¶ããèŠãŠãããšããã®ãããªè±æããããŸãã
ã圌ããã¹ãŠãçããŠããããã«å åãªé£ã¹ç©ãæã«å ¥ããããªãã§ãããã
will ãšããå©åè©ã¯ must ã should ã»ã©åŒ·çã«ã§ã¯ãããŸããããçè ã®äž»åŒµãããããèªã®ã²ãšã€ã§ããå©åè©ãšãããã®ã¯ææ ãæã«èŸŒãããã®ã§ããããçè ã®äž»åŒµãèŠæãã«ããã«å©åè©ã«æ³šç®ãããšããããšã¯ããšãŠãæå¹ãªææ®µãšãªãã®ã§ãã
ã§ã¯ä»¥äžãèžãŸããŠéžæè¢ãèŠãŠãããŸãããã
1. the good point of having many young is that they exhibit different traits
ãå€ãã®è¥è
(åäŸ)ãããããç¹ã¯ã圌ããç°ãªã£ãç¹åŸŽãèŠããããšã ã
ããŒãã»ã»ã»ãããªããšæžããŠããŸããã£ã?ã確ããä»ã®åç©ã«é£ã¹ããã¡ãããããéãç¹æ®ã§ããã®ãããããšããããšã§ããããã
2. the increase in the population of a species may lead to food shortages
ãçš®ã®åäœæ°ãå¢ããããšã¯ãé£ã¹ç©ã®äžè¶³ãå°ããããããªãã
ããã¯æ¬æã®ãã®éšåã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããŸãã
圌ãå šå¡ãçãæ®ãã®ã«ååãªé£æããªãã§ãããã
ãããæ£è§£ã§ããã
3. the Norwegian rat is a good example of surviving food shortages
ãNorwegian rat ã¯é£æäžè¶³ã§çãæ®ãããäŸã ã
Norwegian rat ã¯ãçãæéã§åºäœæ°ããã®ãããå¢ããŠããäŸãšããŠåºãããŠããŸãããã
4. the population of rodents is kept down by natural death
ãrodents ã®åäœæ°ã¯èªç¶æ»ã«ãã£ãŠäœãä¿ãããŠããã
èªç¶ã«æ»ã¬åã«ãä»ã®åç©ã«é£ã¹ãããŠããŸããã®ãå€ãããšãããŸããã®ã§éããŸããã
ãã®åé¡ã¯ãæ¥ç¶è©ã«ãã£ãŠæã®æµããæŽã¿ãªãããå©åè©ãæãããã«çè ã®äž»åŒµãèŠæããšããã®ããã€ã³ãã§ããããã
ãæ£è§£ã2
å4
å顿¬¡ã®æç« ãèªã¿ãäžã®åãã®(ããã)ã«å ¥ããã®ã«æãé©åœãªãã®ããäžã®1ïœ4ã®ãã¡ãã1ã€éžã¹ããªããæç« ã®å·Šã«ãã(1)ïœ(6)ã¯æ®µèœã®çªå·ã衚ããŠããã
(5)ãThe survivors often survive, not always by chance but because they are slightly different from the general population in some way. Perhaps they can run faster or further and so get to food before the other; or they have a better sense of smell and find food that others cannot; or they have stronger jaws and sharper teeth and can open nuts that others cannot open. Which of these slight advantages they have over those that die is not clearly understood; however, those that do survive have the opportunity to reproduce and pass on their advantageous traits to a new generation.
å4
Paragraph (5) discusses (ããã).
1. the breeding habits of rodents and other methods of repopulation
2. the different kinds of successful rodent subspecies
3. the disadvantages that the surviving rodents face
4. the possible reasons why some rodents survive population crashes
ã解説ã
ã(5)段èœã¯(ãã)ã«ã€ããŠè«ããŠããã
ä»åã®åé¡ã«çŽæ¥é¢ä¿ããŸããããèšåã«ãã discuss ãšããè±åèªã«ã€ããŠããã®åè©ããä»åè©ããã€ãŸãç®çèªãåŸãã«ãšãããšã«æ³šæããŠãããŸããããã€ãŸããïœã«ã€ããŠè«ããããšããã° discuss about ïœ ãªããŠããŸããã¡ã§ãããããã¯ééããšããããšã§ãã
ä»åã®åé¡ã¯(5)段èœã®èŠç¹ã¯äœã?ããšããããšã§ãã
(5)段èœã¯é·ã ãšæžãããŠãããŸããããã®äžã®ããããã¯ã»ã³ãã³ã¹ããã€ãããã°æ£è§£ã«è¿ã¥ããŸããã§ã¯ãã®ããããã¯ã»ã³ãã³ã¹ããªããã®ããæ®µèœã®ã©ãã«ããã®ã§ãããã?ãããã¯ãããŠããæ®µèœã®æåã®è±æããæåŸã®è±æã«ãã(ããšãå€ã)ãã§ãã
ãšããããšã§(5)段èœã®æåã®è±æãèŠãŠã¿ãŸãããã
ãçãæ®ã£ããã®ã¯åžžã«å¶ç¶ã«ãã£ãŠçãæ®ããšããããã§ã¯ãªããããç¹ã§äžè¬çãªãã®ãšã¯ãããã«éãããã«ãã°ãã°çãæ®ãã
ãnot A but B / Aã§ã¯ãªãBããšããæåãªæ§æã§ããå 容ãšããŠã¯åœç¶ãBãã®æ¹ã倧åã«ãªããŸãã
æåŸã®è±æã¯ãããªã£ãŠããŸãã
ãããããªããçãæ®ã£ããã®ãç¹æ®ã®æ©äŒãæã¡ããããŠæ°ããäžä»£ã«åœŒãã®åªãããã®ãæž¡ãã
however ã¯ãéæ¥ã®æ¥ç¶è©ãã§ããã®åŸãã®å 容ãéèŠãªã®ã¯å ã»ã©ã® not A but B ãšåãã§ããã
ã§ãããããèžãŸããŠãã®(5)段èœã§ã¯äœãæžãããŠãã£ãã®ã§ããã?ããçãæ®ã£ããã®ã¯æ»ãã§ãã£ããã®ãšã¯éãäœãããã£ãŠããããåãç¶ãããŠããããšããããšã§ããããé²åè«ã«ã€ããŠå°ãããã£ãããšããã人ãªãåžžèçãªè©±ã§ãããããã©ãããã§ãªã人ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ããªãã®ãã£ã¡ã?ããšãªããããªãªãæœè±¡ãªå 容ã§ãã
å ·äœçãªå 容ã¯äžèšã§ç¢ºèªãã2ã€ã®æã®éã«æžãããŠãããŸãã
ãå èŠãåªããŠããŠä»ã®åç©ãèŠã€ããããªãé£ã¹ç©ãèŠã€ããããã
ã匷ããããšéãæ¯ãæã¡ãä»ã®åç©ããããããªãæšã®å®ããããããã
ãšããã®ããã«æžãããŠãããŸããããã®èŸºã¯ãã£ããèªããšããã§ã¯ãªããããã£ãšèªã¿æµããšããã§ããã
ã§ã¯éžæè¢ã確èªããŠãããŸãããã
1. the breeding habits of rodents and other methods of repopulation
ãrodents ã®ç¹æ®ç¿æ
£ããä»ã®ç¹æ®æ¹æ³ã
2. the different kinds of successful rodent subspecies
ãæåãã rodent äºçš®ã®éãæ§è³ªã
3. the disadvantages that the surviving rodents face
ãçãæ®ã£ã rodents ãçŽé¢ããäžå©ãªç¹ã
4. the possible reasons why some rodents survive population crashes
ãããçš®ãã® rodents ãåäœæ°æžå°ãçãæ®ãã®ã«å¯èœæ§ãããçç±ã
ã©ãã§ããã?ãæ£çŽåããã¥ããã§ããããããããšãã¯æ¶å»æ³ã§ãããŸãããããŸã3.ã¯éããŸããããããªããšã¯æžãããŠããŸããã§ããã
1.ãéããŸãããç¹æ®ã«é¢ããŠã¯æçµæã«æžãããŠããŸãããç¹æ®ã®ããšããã®æ®µèœã®ããŒãã§ã¯ãªãããçãæ®ã£ããã®ã¯æ»ãã§ãã£ããã®ãšã¯éãäœãããã£ãŠããããåãç¶ãããŠããããããŒãã§ããããã
2.ãš4.ãè¿·ããŸããããã 2.ã® subspecies ãå°ãåŒã£ããããŸãããäºçš®ã»å€çš®ããšããæå³ã§ããã(5)ã®å 容ã¯ãããŸã§å€§å±€ãªãã®ã§ããã£ã?ã人éã§èšããšããã®ã䞡芪ãšãã«èãé«ããã°ãåäŸã®èº«é·ãé«ããããçŸç·çŸå¥³ã«ããã«ã®åäŸã¯ãã¯ããããããããšãããããã話ã§ãããã
ãšããããšã§2.ãæ¶ããŠãæ®ã£ã4.ãæ£è§£ãšããããšã«ãªããŸãã
ãæ£è§£ã4
å5
å顿¬¡ã®æç« ãèªã¿ãäžã®åãã®(ããã)ã«å ¥ããã®ã«æãé©åœãªãã®ããäžã®1ïœ4ã®ãã¡ãã1ã€éžã¹ããªããæç« ã®å·Šã«ãã(1)ïœ(6)ã¯æ®µèœã®çªå·ã衚ããŠããã
(6)ãSo together with their high rates of reproduction and the survival of those that have adapted in some beneficial way, mouse-like rodents are in a strong position to survive well into the future. Ultimately, however, what probably enables these mouse-like rodents to reproduce so successfully is the fact that their teeth allow them to eat highly nutritious nuts and seeds so they do not have to spend most of their time engaged in the dangerous activity of gathering food.
å5
The theme of the passage is about (ããã).
1. the advantages of using incisors for eating high energy food
2. the mouse-like rodents and the reasons for their success
3. the relationship between the rodent population and the food supply
4. the rodents which account for the 40% of mammal species
ã解説ã
ããã®æç« ã®ããŒãã¯(ãã)ã§ããã
ãã®æç« å šäœãšããŠäœã«ã€ããŠæžãããŠããã?ããšèãããŠããã®ã§ãããå1ïœå4ãŸã§ã§(2)ïœ(5)ã®å 容ã確èªããŠãã£ãããã§ãããã(6)ãèŠãã°ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšåã®ãã人ãªãåãããŸããã
è«èª¬æã®æ®µèœæ§æã¯ãåºè« â æ¬è«âçµè«ãã§ãããåé¡æèµ· â å ·äœäŸ â ãŸãšãã»äž»åŒµããšãèšããŸããããããããšãããæç« å šäœã®ããŒããç¥ããããã°ãæçµæ®µèœãèŠãã®ã¯åœç¶ã§ããããæçµæ®µèœãèŠãŠãããŸãã¡åããã¥ãããã°ãç¬¬äžæ®µèœãšããããŠç¢ºèªãããšçè§£ãããããªããŸãã
ããããããšãèžãŸããŠãæçµæ®µèœã®æåŸã®æãèŠãŠãããŸãããã
ãããããªãã究極çã«ã¯ãæ¯ã®ãããã§é«æ é€ã®æšã®å®ãçš®ãé£ã¹ãããšãã§ãããããŠé£ã¹ç©ãéãããšããå±éºãªè¡çºã«åŸäºããã»ãšãã©ã®æéãè²»ããå¿ èŠããªãã£ããšããäºå®ã«ãã£ãŠãããã¿ã®ãããªrodentsã¯ããããããã»ã©ãŸã§ç¹æ®ã«æåããã®ã ããã
however ããããŸãããä»å¹Žã®ã»ã³ã¿ãŒè©Šéšã«ãäœåãåºãŠããŠããŸããããã®ãéæ¥ã®æ¥ç¶è©ãã®åŸãã«ã¯éèŠãªããšãæžãããŠããããšãå€ãã§ãã
ããã«ããŠãé·ãã»ã»ã»ãããŠèŸŒã¿å ¥ã£ãæã§ããããã£ãããªã®ã§ãã®ææ§é ã確èªããŠã¿ãŸãããã
ãããããããã®ããŠã¹ã®ãããªéœ§æ¯åç©ãããã»ã©ããŸãç¹æ®ããããšãå¯èœã«ããã®ã¯ãâŠãšããäºå®ã§ãã
is ã®åãŸã§ã¯ what ãšããé¢ä¿è©ã§ãŸãšãããã倧ããªãäž»èªãã§ããwhat ã¯ããèªèº«ã«é¢ä¿è©ãå«ã¿ããïœã§ãããã® (ããš)ããšããæå³ã«ãªããŸãã
ããã«ãenables A to B / AãBããããšãå¯èœã«ãããããšããç¡çç©äž»èªã®æ§æã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãããšããããšã§ãAãBããããšãå¯èœã«ããããã®ã¯ããããã»ã»ã»ãšããäºå®ã ããããšãªããŸãã
ã©ãããäºå®ãªã®ãã that 以äžã«æžãããŠããŸãã
圌ãã®æ¯ã¯åœŒããéåžžã«æ é€äŸ¡ã®é«ãããããçš®åãé£ã¹ãããšãå¯èœã«ããŸã
ãallow A to B / Aã«Bããããšãèš±ãããšããç¡çç©äž»èªã®æ§æã§ãããç¡çç©äž»èªæ§æã«ç¡çç©äž»èªæ§æãéãªã£ãŠããã®ã§äœèšã«ã«ãããããæããŸããã
ã§ãããã ãæãåºããŠèããã°ããã€ãã®ç¡çç©äž»èªãã¿ãŒã³ã§ãã®ã§å€§äžå€«ã§ããããæ¯ã®ãããã§é«æ é€ã®æšã®å®ãçš®ã圌ããé£ã¹ãããšãã§ãã(ãšããäºå®)ããšãªããŸãã
ãããŠæåŸã®éšåã§ãã
ãã®ããã圌ãã¯é£ã¹ç©ãéãããšããå±éºãªæŽ»åã«ã»ãšãã©ã®æéãè²»ããå¿ èŠã¯ãããŸããã
ãŸã engaged ã¯ãåŸäºããããšããåè©ã®éå»åè©ã§ããã®åã® their time ã修食ããŠããŸãããã»ã»ã»ã«åŸäºãããããæéããšãªããŸãããæåŸã®æ¹ã«ãã activity of gathering food ã® of ã¯ãåæ Œã® ofãã§ããããé£ã¹ç©ãéãããšããè¡åããšãªããŸãã
ãšããããšã§å šäœãšããŠãé£ã¹ç©ãéãããšããå±éºãªè¡åã«åŸäºãããããæéã®ã»ãšãã©ãè²»ããå¿ èŠã圌ãã¯ãªãããšãªããŸãã
ããã§1ã€çåãããããããŸãããã®æã®æåã«ãã so ãäœãªã®ã?ãã§ããæ®éã«èããã°ãããã§ããšããçäœæ¥ç¶è©ã§ãããã
ãããåºæ¬çã« so ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠäœ¿ããªããã®åã«ã, / ã³ã³ãããå¿ èŠã§ãããšãªããšèããããã®ã¯åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠã® so ã§ãããã㯠so that æ§æã® that ãçç¥ãããã®ãšèãããšåãããããã§ãã
so that æ§æãšããã®ã¯ãïœã®ããã«ãããïœãšãªãããã«ããšãç®çãã衚ããŸããä»åã®è±æã§èšãã°ãé£ã¹ç©ãéãããšããå±éºãªè¡åã«åŸäºãããããæéã®ã»ãšãã©ãè²»ããå¿ èŠã圌ãã¯ãªãããšãªãããã«ãæ¯ã®ãããã§é«æ é€ã®æšã®å®ãçš®ã圌ããé£ã¹ãããšãã§ããããšããé¢ä¿ã«ãªããŸãã
ããããããããã®ãŸãŸèš³ããããšãããšããŸãã¡ãã³ãšããªããšæããŸããã?ããããããšãã¯ãçµæãã®æå³ã§èš³ããŠèŠããšãããªãããããšãå€ãã§ãã詊ããŠã¿ãŸãããã
ãã£ããããŸãããã
ãšã¯ããããããèããŠèŠãŸããšãso ããçµæããšããŠèš³ããå Žåãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠã® so ã®ãããã§ããšã»ãšãã©æå³ãåãã«ãªããŸããããšããããšã§ so ã®åã«ã, / ã³ã³ãããããããªãããªããŠããšã«ãšããããŠããããèã蟌ãã§ããŸããšé·æåé¡ã§ã¯ãããæéããã£ãŠãè¶³ããªããšããã話ã§ããã(ãªãã®ãã£ã¡ã)
ã§ã¯éžæè¢ã確èªããŠãããŸãããã
1. the advantages of using incisors for eating high energy food
ã髿 é€ã®é£ã¹ç©ãé£ã¹ãããã« incisors ã䜿ãå©ç¹ã
2. the mouse-like rodents and the reasons for their success
ãããã¿ã®ãã㪠rodents ãšåœŒãã®æåã®çç±ã
3. the relationship between the rodent population and the food supply
ãrodent ã®åäœæ°ãšé£ã¹ç©ã®éã®é¢ä¿ã
4. the rodents which account for the 40% of mammal species
ãåºä¹³é¡ã®40%ãå ãã rodentsã
ãã¯ããã®åé¡ãæ¶å»æ³ã§ãã£ãã»ããããã§ããã
ãŸã 3.ã¯éããŸããããããªè©±ããã©ããšãããŸãããããããå šäœã®ããŒãã§ã¯ãããŸããããã1.ã埮åŠã§ãããè¿°ã¹ãããŠããã®ã¯incisorsèªäœã®å©ç¹ã§ã¯ãªããéãincisorsãæã£ãŠãããã髿 é€ã®é£ã¹ç©ãé£ã¹ãããŠããã®çµærodentsãæåããããšããããšã§ããããã
æ®ãã¯2.ãš4.ã§ããã4.ã¯ããŸãã«å€§ãŸããããªæããããŸãã2.ã確èªããŠæããã«ééãã§ãããªã
4.ã§ãããããªãããšããæãã§ãããã§ãã® 2.ã§ããã4.ããã¯çµããŠããŠå
容çã«ãå
ã»ã©ç¢ºèªãã(6)段èœã®æçµæãšçžéãããŸããããã
ãšããããšã§æ£è§£ã¯ 2.ã«ãªãã§ãããã
ãæ£è§£ã2
å6
å顿¬¡ã®æç« ãèªã¿ãäžã®åãã®(ããã)ã«å ¥ããã®ã«æãé©åœãªãã®ããäžã®1ïœ4ã®ãã¡ãã1ã€éžã¹ããªããæç« ã®å·Šã«ãã(1)ïœ(6)ã¯æ®µèœã®çªå·ã衚ããŠããã
(1)ãRats, mice, hamsters, and squirrels belong to a large group of animals called rodents. It is estimated that there are about 2,000 species of rodent, and they are believed to be one of the most successful group of animals we know. They are considered successful because the rodent group accounts for over 40% of all mammal species on earth. Of all the rodent the mouse-like rodents, such as those mentioned above, are probably the most successful, and it has been suggested that what makes them so is their teeth.
(2)ãRodent’ teeth enable them to eat a wide range of food, such as leaves, roots, nuts, and seeds. All rodents have four very sharp teeth at the front of their mouthsïŒtwo at the top and two at the bottom. These teeth are called incisors, but unlike the incisors of most other mammals, they never stop growing. So whatever their age, rodents will always have fresh, sharp teeth to eat with. In addition, they also have extremely strong muscles around their mouths, which enables them to bite through the shells of nuts and seeds. Many other mammals and birds cannot do this, so the seeds they eat pass through their bodies undigested, and the nutrition within them is unused.
(3)ãNuts and seeds are very nutritious. Some seeds, such as sunflower seed, sesame seeds, and peanuts, are very high in fat and protein. There are benefits of being able to eat these energy-rich foods: a lot of energy is gained in a short period of time; spending less time outside the home searching for food reduces the risk of being killed by other animals; and the time saved can be spent reproducing and looking after their young.
(4)ãSuccessful reproduction is essential to the survival of a species. However, it can be a double-edged sword. That is, it has good points and bad points. Many rats and mice are eaten by other animals before they die of natural causes, so being able to reproduce quickly is a good thing as it increases the species’ chances of survival. For example, a Norwegian rat could have 56 children and over 400 grandchildren within 20 weeks of being born. On the other hand, if reproduction is too successful and there is a huge increase in population in a short time, then there will not be enough food available for all of them to survive. When this happens, thousands and thousands die, resulting in a population crash.
(5)ãThe survivors often survive, not always by chance but because they are slightly different from the general population in some way. Perhaps they can run faster or further and so get to food before the other; or they have a better sense of smell and find food that others cannot; or they have stronger jaws and sharper teeth and can open nuts that others cannot open. Which of these slight advantages they have over those that die is not clearly understood; however, those that do survive have the opportunity to reproduce and pass on their advantageous traits to a new generation.
(6)ãSo together with their high rates of reproduction and the survival of those that have adapted in some beneficial way, mouse-like rodents are in a strong position to survive well into the future. Ultimately, however, what probably enables these mouse-like rodents to reproduce so successfully is the fact that their teeth allow them to eat highly nutritious nuts and seeds so they do not have to spend most of their time engaged in the dangerous activity of gathering food.
å6
The contents covered in the passage are listed at random below.
(a)ãSharp teeth and a powerful bite
(b)ãThe likely explanation for survival
(c)ãReproduction and population crashes
(d)ãA background to mouse-like rodents
(e)ãThe advantages of high energy food
(f)ãConclusion
Which of the following best reflects the flow of the passage?ã(ããã)
1. (b)â(a)â(c)â(d)â(e)â(f)
2. (b)â(a)â(e)â(c)â(d)â(f)
3. (d)â(a)â(c)â(b)â(e)â(f)
4. (d)â(a)â(e)â(c)â(b)â(f)
ã解説ã
ãŸãéžæè¢1~4ãã確èªãããšããã¹ãŠã®2çªç®ã«(a)ãæåŸã«(f)ãããããšãåãããŸãããã®æç¹ã§(a)ãš(f)ã®å 容ã¯èªãå¿ èŠããªããããã«æ¬æã®(2)段èœã(6)段èœãèªãŸãªããŠããããšãåãããŸãã
(b)ïœ(e)ãèŠãŠããäžã§ã(c)ã® population crashes ã«ã¢ã³ãããåå¿ãã人ã¯ãªããªãã®ãã®ã§ããåãèªå¥ã(4)段èœã®æåŸã«åºãŠããŠããŸããããšããããšã§(c)ã¯4çªç®ã»ã»ã»ããã§æ£è§£ã¯éžæè¢2.ã4.ã®ã©ã¡ããã«çµããŸããã
éžæè¢2.ãš4.ãèŠãŠã¿ããš3çªç®ã«(e)ãå ±éããŠããŸããããšããããšã¯(3)段èœãš(e)ãèªãå¿ èŠããªããªã£ãã®ã§ãã
æ®ã£ãã®ã¯(b)ãš(d)ã§ãããããããããã(1)段èœãš(5)段èœã®ã©ã¡ãã«åœãŠã¯ãŸãã?
(b)ãThe likely explanation for survival
(d)ãA background to mouse-like rodents
ããã¯åžžèçã«èããŠãããããããããŸããããrodents ã® background ãèªãããã®ã«ãµããããã®ã¯ã(1)段èœã?ããããšã(5)段èœã?ãã»ã»ã»æ®éã«èãããš(1)段èœã§ãããã
ãšããããšã§æ£è§£ã¯ 4.ã®(d)â(a)â(e)â(c)â(b)â(f) ãšãªããŸãã
ããããããã¯ããªãé ãåŽããŠãããšãã®è§£ãæ¹ã«ãªãããšæããŸããããå°ãå®çšçãªããæ¹ãšããŠã¯ã次ã®ãããªããæ¹ãããããšæããŸãã
段èœã®æåã®æãš(a)ïœ(f)ãç §ããåãããŠã¿ãã®ã§ãããããšãããã®å€ãã察å¿ããŠããããšã«æ°ã€ãã§ãããã
(b) ã® survival ãš (5) 段èœã® survivors ã surviveã
(c) ãš (4) 段èœã® Reproductionã
(e) ã® high energy ãš (3) 段èœã® very nutritiousã
2008幎ã2009幎ã2010幎ãšç¶ããŠãããæ®µèœã®ã°ã«ãŒãåãåé¡ããšã¯å°ãåŸåãå€ãããŸããããããããã®æ®µèœã®æåã®æã確èªããªããè§£ããšããããæ¹ã¯ããã®ãè«æšã®äžŠã³æ¿ãåé¡ãã§ãæå¹ãšããããšã§ãã
ãæ£è§£ã4


ã³ã¡ã³ããã©ãã