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- a sustainable development goal beyond
- a sustainable economy supporting
- a sustainable natural environment for
- a sustainable society challenging
å28ïœ31ãã¯ãŒã¯ã·ãŒãã®ç©ºæ¬ïŒã28ãïŒïœïŒã31ãïŒã«å ¥ããã®ã«æãé©åãªãã®ããå ã€ã®éžæè¢ã®ãã¡ããäžã€ãã€éžã³ãªãããéžæè¢ã¯ïŒå以äžäœ¿ã£ãŠãããŸããŸããã
1. goods
4. everywhere
2. relationships
5. indoors
3. tasks
6. outdoors
å32ãè¬çŸ©ã®å 容ãšäžèŽãããã®ã¯ã©ãããæãé©åãªãã®ããåã€ã®éžæè¢ã®ãã¡ããäžã€éžã³ãªããã
- Danish people are against high taxes to maintain a standard of living.
- Danish people spend less money on basic needs than on socializing.
- Danish people’s income is large enough to encourage a life of luxury.
- Danish people’s welfare system allows them to live meaningful lives.
å33ãè¬çŸ©ã®ç¶ããèããäžã®å³ããèªã¿åããæ å ±ãšè¬çŸ©å šäœã®å 容ããã©ã®ãããªããšãèšããããæãé©åãªãã®ããåã€ã®éžæè¢ã®ãã¡ããäžã€éžã³ãªããã

- People in Danmark do less overtime work while maintaining their productivity.
- People in Denmark enjoy working more, even though their income is guaranteed.
- People in OECD countries are more productive because they work more overtime.
- People in the US have an expensive lifestyle but the most time for leisure.
解説ãå27ïœ32

What is happiness? Can we be happy and promote sustainable development? Since 2012, the World Happiness Report has been issued by a United Nations organization to develop new approaches to economic sustainability for the sake of happiness and well-being. The reports show that Scandinavian countries are consistently ranked as the happiest societies on earth. But what makes them so happy? In Denmark, for example, leisure time is often spent with others. That kind of environment makes Danish people happy thanks to a tradition called âhygge,â spelled H-Y-G-G-E. Hygge means coziness or comfort and describes the feeling of being loved.
幞çŠãšã¯äœã§ããããïŒ ç§ãã¡ã¯å¹žãã«ãªããªããæç¶å¯èœãªéçºãä¿é²ã§ããã®ã§ããããïŒ 2012幎以æ¥ã幞çŠãšå¥åº·ã®ããã«çµæžçæç¶å¯èœæ§ãžã®æ°ããã¢ãããŒããéçºããããã«ãåœé£çµç¹ãäžç幞çŠåºŠå ±åæžãçºè¡ããŠããŸããå ±åæžã«ãããšãã¹ã«ã³ãžããã¢è«žåœã¯äžè²«ããŠå°çäžã§æã幞ããªç€ŸäŒãšããŠã©ã³ã¯ä»ããããŠããŸãããããããªã圌ãã¯ãããªã«å¹žããªã®ã§ããããïŒ ããšãã°ãã³ããŒã¯ã§ã¯ãäœæã¯ä»ã®äººãšäžç·ã«éããããšãå€ãã§ãããã®ãããªç°å¢ã¯ãH-Y-G-G-Eãšç¶ŽããããhyggeããšåŒã°ããäŒçµ±ã®ãããã§ãã³ããŒã¯äººã幞ãã«ããŸããhygge ã¯å±
å¿å°ã®è¯ããå¿«é©ããæå³ããæãããŠãããšããæ°æã¡ã衚çŸããŸãã
This word became well-known worldwide in 2016 as an interpretation of mindfulness or wellness. Now, hygge is at risk of being commercialized. But hygge is not about the material things we see in popular images like candlelit rooms and cozy bedrooms with hand-knit blankets. Real hygge happens anywhereâin public or in private, indoors or outdoors, with or without candles. The main point of hygge is to live a life connected with loved ones while making ordinary essential tasks meaningful and joyful.
ãã®èšèã¯ããã€ã³ããã«ãã¹ããŠã§ã«ãã¹ã®è§£éãšããŠ2016幎ã«äžçäžã§ããç¥ãããããã«ãªããŸãããçŸåšãhygge ã¯åæ¥åãããå±éºã«ãããããŠããŸããããããhygge ã¯ããã£ã³ãã«ã®ç¯ãéšå±ãæç·šã¿ã®æ¯åžã眮ãããå±
å¿å°ã®è¯ãå¯å®€ãªã©ã人æ°ã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžã§èŠãããç©è³ªçãªãã®ã§ã¯ãããŸãããæ¬åœã® hygge ã¯ãå
Œ
±ã®å Žæã§ããã©ã€ããŒããªå Žæã§ããå±å
ã§ãå±å€ã§ãããã£ã³ãã«ããã£ãŠããªããŠããã©ãã§ãèµ·ãããŸããhygge ã®èŠç¹ã¯ãæ¥åžžã®åºæ¬çãªäœæ¥ãææçŸ©ã§æ¥œãããã®ã«ããªãããæãã人ã
ãšã€ãªãã£ãçæŽ»ãããããšã§ããã
Perhaps Danish people are better at appreciating the small, âhyggeâ things in life because they have no worries about basic necessities. Danish people willingly pay from 30 to 50 percent of their income in tax. These high taxes pay for a good welfare system that provides free healthcare and education. Once basic needs are met, more money doesnât guarantee more happiness. While money and material goods seem to be highly valued in some countries like the US, people in Denmark place more value on socializing. Nevertheless, Denmark has above-average productivity according to the OECD.
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èŠããªããããçæŽ»ã®å°ããªãhyggeããªãã®ã倧åã«ããã®ãåŸæãªã®ãããããŸããããã³ããŒã¯äººã¯ãåå
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ãŠãããŠããŸããåºæ¬çãªããŒãºãæºãããããšããéãå¢ããŠã幞ããå¢ãããšã¯éããŸãããç±³åœãªã©äžéšã®åœã§ã¯ãéãç©ã®äŸ¡å€ãé«ãããã§ããããã³ããŒã¯ã®äººã
ã¯ç€Ÿäº€ã«ãã£ãšäŸ¡å€ã眮ããŠããŸããããã§ããOECD ã«ãããšããã³ããŒã¯ã®çç£æ§ã¯å¹³å以äžã§ãã
解説ãå27
ïŒã27ãïŒã¯ã¯ãŒã¯ã·ãŒãã®ãWorld Happiness Reportãã®ãPurpose / ç®çãã®é ç®ã«ãããŸãã
To promote (ã27ã) happiness and well-being
幞çŠã§æºè¶³ãªç掻ïŒã27ãïŒãä¿é²ããããš
éžæè¢ã確èªããŸãããã
1. a sustainable development goal beyond
âŠãè¶
ããŠæç¶å¯èœãªéçº
2. a sustainable economy supporting
âŠãæ¯ããæç¶å¯èœãªçµæž
3. a sustainable natural environment for
âŠã®ããã®æç¶å¯èœãªèªç¶ç°å¢
4. a sustainable society challenging
âŠã«ææŠããæç¶å¯èœãªç€ŸäŒ
è¬çŸ©ã§ããèšã£ãŠããŸãã
Since 2012, the World Happiness Report has been issued by a United Nations organization to develop new approaches to economic sustainability for the sake of happiness and well-being.
2012幎以æ¥ã幞çŠã§æºè¶³ãªç掻ãç®çã«ãçµæžçæç¶å¯èœæ§ãžã®æ°ããã¢ãããŒããéçºããããšãåœé£çµç¹ãäžç幞çŠåºŠå ±åæžãçºè¡ããŠããŸãã
ãeconomic sustainability for the sake of happiness and well-being / 幞çŠã§æºè¶³ãªç掻ã®ããã®çµæžçæç¶å¯èœæ§ããšèšã£ãŠããŸãã
ãšããããšã§ãæ£è§£ã¯ã2ãã§ãã

éžæè¢ã確èªãããšãããsustainable / æç¶å¯èœãªããç®ã«ã€ããšæããŸããããã§ãäœãæç¶ãããããšããŠããã®ããæèããªããè¬çŸ©ãèããšããeconomic sustainability / çµæžçæç¶å¯èœæ§ããè³ã«æ®ãããããªãããã
解説ãå28ïœ31
ïŒã28ãïŒïœïŒã31ãïŒã¯ã¯ãŒã¯ã·ãŒãã®ãInterpretations of Hyggeãã®è¡šã«ãããŸãã
ãInterpretations of Hygge
| Popular Image of Hygge | Real Hygge in Denmark | |
| What | ïŒã28ãïŒ | ïŒã29ãïŒ |
| Where | ïŒã30ãïŒ | ïŒã31ãïŒ |
| How | special | ordinary |
éžæè¢ã確èªããŸãããã
1. goods / ç©
2. relationships / é¢ä¿
3. tasks / ä»äº
4. everywhere / ããããå Žæ
5. indoors / å±å
6. outdoors / å±å€
ãhygge ã®äžè¬çãªã€ã¡ãŒãžãã«ã€ããŠãè¬çŸ©ã§ããèšã£ãŠããŸãã
But hygge is not about the material things we see in popular images like candlelit rooms and cozy bedrooms with hand-knit blankets.
ããããhygge ã¯ããã£ã³ãã«ã®ç¯ãéšå±ãæç·šã¿ã®æ¯åžã眮ãããå±
å¿å°ã®è¯ãå¯å®€ãªã©ã人æ°ã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžã§èŠãããç©è³ªçãªãã®ã§ã¯ãããŸãã
ã€ãŸã hygge ã¯ãthe material things / ç©è³ªçãªç©ãã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžããããšèšã£ãŠããŸããïŒã28ãïŒã«å ¥ãã®ã¯ã1ãã®ãgoods / ç©ãã§ãã
ãŸããrooms / éšå±ããbedrooms / å¯å®€ããšèšã£ãŠããŸããïŒã30ãïŒã«å ¥ãã®ã¯ã5ãã®ãindoor / å±å ãã§ãã
ãhygge ã®æ¬åœã®å§¿ãã«ã€ããŠãè¬çŸ©ã§ããèšã£ãŠããŸãã
Real hygge happens anywhereâin public or in private, indoors or outdoors, with or without candles.
æ¬åœã® hygge ã¯ãå
Œ
±ã®å Žæã§ããã©ã€ããŒããªå Žæã§ããå±å
ã§ãå±å€ã§ãããã£ã³ãã«ããã£ãŠããªããŠããã©ãã§ãèµ·ãããŸãã
ãReal hygge happens anywhere / æ¬åœã® hygge ã¯ã©ãã§ãèµ·ãããŸãããšèšã£ãŠããŸããïŒã31ãïŒã¯ã4ãã®ãeverywhere / ããããå Žæãã§ãã
ãããŠããç¶ããŸãã
The main point of hygge is to live a life connected with loved ones while making ordinary essential tasks meaningful and joyful.
hygge ã®èŠç¹ã¯ãæ¥åžžã®åºæ¬çãªäœæ¥ãææçŸ©ã§æ¥œãããã®ã«ããªãããæãã人ã
ãšã€ãªãã£ãçæŽ»ãããããšã§ããã
ãThe main point of hygge is to live a life connected with loved ones / hygge ã®èŠç¹ã¯æãã人ãã¡ãšã€ãªãã£ãçæŽ»ããããšããšèšã£ãŠããŸããïŒã29ãïŒã¯ã2ãã®ãrelationship / é¢ä¿ãã§ãã
ãšããããšã§ãæ£è§£ã¯ïŒã28ãïŒâã1ããïŒã29ãïŒâã2ããïŒã30ãïŒâã5ããïŒã31ãïŒâã4ãã§ãã

æåã®æ¹ã§ãããã³ããŒã¯äººã¯ãleisure time is often spent with others / äœæã¯ä»ã®äººãšããéããããšèšã£ãŠããŸãããããã§ hygge ã®æ£ããã€ã¡ãŒãžãã§ããŠãããšã話ãçè§£ããããã£ããããããŸãããã
解説ãå32
è¬çŸ©ã®å 容ãšäžèŽãããã®ãéžæè¢ããéžã¶åé¡ã§ããéžæè¢ã確èªããŸãããã
1. Danish people are against high taxes to maintain a standard of living.
ãã³ããŒã¯äººã¯ãçæŽ»æ°Žæºãç¶æããããã«é«ãçšéã課ãããšã«å察ããŠããŸãã
2. Danish people spend less money on basic needs than on socializing.
ãã³ããŒã¯äººã¯ã瀟亀ãããåºæ¬çãªããŒãºã«ãéããããŸããã
3. Danish people’s income is large enough to encourage a life of luxury.
ãã³ããŒã¯äººã®åå
¥ã¯ãèŽ
æ²¢ãªç掻ãä¿ãã®ã«ååãªé¡ã§ãã
4. Danish people’s welfare system allows them to live meaningful lives.
ãã³ããŒã¯äººã®çŠç¥å¶åºŠã¯ã圌ããææçŸ©ãªç掻ãéãããšãå¯èœã«ããŠããŸãã
è¬çŸ©ã§ããèšã£ãŠããŸãã
Perhaps Danish people are better at appreciating the small, âhyggeâ things in life because they have no worries about basic necessities.
ãã³ããŒã¯äººã¯ãåºæ¬çãªå¿
éåã«ã€ããŠå¿é
ããå¿
èŠããªããããçæŽ»ã®å°ããªãhyggeããªãã®ãé«ãè©äŸ¡ããåŸåãããã®ãââããããŸããã
ãªããåºæ¬çãªå¿ éåã«ã€ããŠå¿é ããå¿ èŠããªããã®ããšèšããšããã³ããŒã¯ã®çšéã¯åå ¥ã®ã30%ïœ50%ããããšèšã£ãŠããŸãããããŠãã®çšéã«ã€ããŠè¬çŸ©ã§ããèšã£ãŠããŸãã
These high taxes pay for a good welfare system that provides free healthcare and education.
ãã®é«ãçšéã¯ãç¡æã®å»çãšæè²ãæäŸããåªããçŠç¥å¶åºŠã®è²»çšã«å
ãŠãããŠããŸã
ã€ãŸããã³ããŒã¯äººã¯ããa good welfare system / åªããçŠç¥å¶åºŠãããããããhygge ãªç掻ãã§ããŠãããšããããšã§ãã
ãšããããšã§ãæ£è§£ã¯ã4ãã§ãã

çŽæ¥æ£è§£ãéžã¶ã®ã¯é£ãããšæããŸããçšéã®è©±ã¯ããŠããããã©ãããã«å察ãªããŠããŠããªããã1ãã¯éããªããã2ããªããŠè©±ã¯ãã£ãããªãããéããããã hygge ãªç掻ãã§ããã£ãŠè©±ã§ããªãã£ããã3ãã¯éãããªããã¿ãããªæãã§æ¶å»æ³ã§éžã¶ããšã«ãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ããããã
解説ãå33

Hereâs a graph based on OECD data. People in Denmark value private life over work, but it doesnât mean they produce less. The OECD found that beyond a certain number of hours, working more overtime led to lower productivity. What do you think?
ãã¡ã㯠OECD ã®ããŒã¿ã«åºã¥ãã°ã©ãã§ãããã³ããŒã¯ã®äººã
ã¯ä»äºãããç§ç掻ãéèŠããŠããŸãããçç£æ§ãäœããšããããã§ã¯ãããŸãããOECD ã¯ãäžå®æéãè¶
ããæ®æ¥ãå¢ãããšçç£æ§ãäœäžããããšãçºèŠããŸãããããªãã¯ã©ãæããŸãã?

å³ãšè¬çŸ©ã®å 容ããåœãŠã¯ãŸããã®ãéžæè¢ããéžã¶åé¡ã§ããéžæè¢ã確èªããŸãããã
1. People in Danmark do less overtime work while maintaining their productivity.
ãã³ããŒã¯ã®äººã
ã¯ãçç£æ§ãç¶æããªããæ®æ¥ãæžãããŠããŸãã
ãçç£æ§ãã«ã€ããŠãè¬çŸ©ã§ããèšã£ãŠããŸãã
Denmark has above-average productivity according to the OECD.
OECD ã«ãããšããã³ããŒã¯ã®çç£æ§ã¯å¹³å以äžã§ãã
ãã³ããŒã¯ã®çç£æ§ã¯å¹³å以äžãããšèšã£ãŠããŸãã
ãŸãã°ã©ãã«ãããšããã³ããŒã¯ã®æ®æ¥ã¯OECDå¹³åãããããªãå°ãªãã§ããã€ãŸããã³ããŒã¯ã¯çç£æ§ãç¶æããªããæ®æ¥ãæžãããŠããŸãããã®éžæè¢ãæ£è§£ã§ãã
2. People in Denmark enjoy working more, even though their income is guaranteed.
ãã³ããŒã¯ã®äººã
ã¯ãåå
¥ãä¿èšŒãããŠããã«ãããããããä»äºãããæ¥œããã§ããŸãã
è¬çŸ©ã§ããèšã£ãŠããŸãã
These high taxes pay for a good welfare system that provides free healthcare and education.
ãã®é«ãçšéã¯ãç¡æã®å»çãšæè²ãæäŸããåªããçŠç¥å¶åºŠã®è²»çšã«å
ãŠãããŠããŸã
ãå»çããšãæè²ãã¯ç¡æã§ãããåå ¥ãä¿èšŒãããŠããããã§ã¯ãããŸããããŸãã°ã©ãã«ãããšããã³ããŒã¯ã®äººã¯ä»äºãããã¬ãžã£ãŒãéèŠããŠããããã§ãã
ãã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
3. People in OECD countries are more productive because they work more overtime.
OECDå çåœã®äººã
ã¯ãæ®æ¥ãå€ããããçç£æ§ãé«ãã§ãã
è¬çŸ©ã®ç¶ãéšåã§ããèšã£ãŠããŸãã
working more overtime led to lower productivity.
æ®æ¥ãå¢ãããšçç£æ§ãäœäžãã
éžæè¢ãšã¯éã®å 容ã§ãããŸãOECD以å€ã®ã°ã©ãããããŸãããããOECDã®äººã ã®æ®æ¥ãå€ãã®ãã©ããã¯ããããŸããããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
4. People in the US have an expensive lifestyle but the most time for leisure.
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ã¯ãçæŽ»è²»ã¯ããããŸãããäœæã«æãå€ãã®æéãè²»ãããŠããŸãã
ãç±³åœãã«ã€ããŠãè¬çŸ©ã§ããèšã£ãŠããŸãã
While money and material goods seem to be highly valued in some countries like the US,
ç±³åœãªã©äžéšã®åœã§ã¯ãéãç©ã®äŸ¡å€ãé«ãããã§ãã
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ãŸãã°ã©ãã§ç±³åœã¯ãäžæ¥15æéã»ã©ã®ãLeisure and Personal CareãããããŸãããã ããã ãã§ã¯ããLeisureããšãPersonal Careãã®å²åãããããŸããããã£ãŠäœæã«æãå€ãã®æéãè²»ãããŠãããšã¯å€æã§ããŸããããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
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