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You are working on a essay about sports and technology, following the steps below:
Step 1: Read a range of opinions gathered from the Internet about sports and technology.
Step 2: Take a position on sports and technology.
Step 3: Create an outline for your essay using additional sources.
▶[Step 1] Read a range of opinions
Akane (social worker)
There is a strong relationship between the number of Olympic medals a country has and its wealth. If the cost of doing a sport is high, then only those with money can participate in it. Sports should be for all of us, as it benefits our physical and mental health. I am concerned that continuing development of high-tech, expensive equipment may discourage ordinary people from taking up certain sports.
Fiona (physical trainer)
“Performance” should be seen as the sum of the athlete’s own abilities plus the equipment available to them. All athletes want to use equipment that will maximize their performance. I understand this, but I can also think of some problematic cases. Suppose that two teams with the same ability are in a rowing race. The team with a newer boat model completes the race a fraction of a second faster. This might not be considered fair.
Jack (journalist)
Technology makes sports more thrilling for fans. We are fascinated by new achievements, so sports receive a high level of attention when records are broken. Sports fans, say of the Olympics, want ot see their favorite skiers and skaters race faster. Our world is rapidly changing, and society expects to see those changes in sports as well. If records are never broken, then sports become dull for fans.
Michael (retired swimmer)
From elementary school, I practiced swimming seven days a week all year round. Swimming did not require expensive equipment and I used our community pool, which cost little. Through intense training over a period of years, I was able to win my state championship. To me, the spirit of sport is putting in the work to maximize your physical ability. New equipment giving advantages to one athlete over a hard-working one is an injustice.
Tamara (tennis coach)
I am old enough to remember the transition from wooden tennis rackets to so-called “oversized” graphite ones. Players now hit the ball harder; the new rackets also enable us to control the ball better. Is this a problem? No one complains about the new rackets anymore. Sports equipment is continually changing. Innovation in sports technology has improved the quality of games.
å1ãWhich of the following best summarizes Akane’s opinion?
- Athletic ability cannot be developed using advanced technology.
- Olympic games will be less exciting with the latest equipment.
- Technology can benefit the physical health of elite athletes.
- The cost of sports might be a barrier for people’s participation.
å2ãBoth Fiona and Michael mention that (ã39ã).
- advanced technology can give unfair advantages to some athletes
- equipment should be considered a part of an athlete’s performance
- the spirit of sport is based on hard work and physical ability
- water sports should require training without technology
▶[Step 2] Take a position
å3ãWith the above opinions in mind, you have taken a position on sports and technology and written some notes below. Choose the best options to complete (ã40ã)â(ã42ã).
POSITION: We should accept advancements in sports equipment technology.
- (ã40ã) and (ã41ã) support this position the most.
- An idea shared by these two people is that (ã42ã).
Option for (ã40ã) and (ã41ã):
- Akane
- Fiona
- Jack
- Michael
- Tamara
Options for (ã42ã):
- advancements in technology promote the evolution of sports
- athletes play a role in the enhancement of sports equipment
- technology contributes to the breaking of sporting records
- technology helps improve the experience of playing sports
ã▶[Step 3] Create an outline for your essay
Technology in Sports
Introduction
There are some issue with sports technology, but because of its current and potential contributions, we should accept it.
Body
ã»REASON 1: [the common idea in Step 2]
ã»REASON 2: [(ã43ã)[based on Source A]
ã»REASON 3: Advanced technology in sports equipment can contribute to injury prevention. [based on support from Source B: (ã44ã)]
Conclusion
Upon considering the aspects above, advancements in sports technology should be accepted.
Source A
Sports technology makes sports better for everyone. One the other hand, it is sometimes argued that technology can threaten the integrity or value of a sport. This threat comes when new technology enables athletes to do their sport too easily or is only accessible to certain athletes, giving them an advantage. Wise regulation can ensure that this does not happen. For example, in 2016, a new running shoe was developed that improved runners’ times by up to 4%. People in the running world became concerned that it could damage the sport’s integrity. In 2020, World Athletics set concrete specifications for running shoes and regulations on their materials. It also created a rule that any shoe used in a race had to be available on the market for at least four months beforehand. As a result of these measures, no running shoe could be constructed in a way that made running too easy and every runner could benefit from new technology.
Source B
A sporting company released a new type of running shoe that uses advanced technology. To investigate user experience, they conducted surveys on three groups of runners each consisting of 100 people: recreational runners, student-athletes, and professional athletes. Some of the data from this survey is given below. The graph shows the number of people who responded positively to some of the shoe features.

å4ãBased on Source A, which of the following is the most appropriate for REASON 2 in the essay outline?
- New technology will make a sport more accessible and thus motivate more people to start it.
- New technology with regulation improves the sporting experience while maintain a sport’s value.
- The introduction of new technology can enhance the integrity of a sport by making it easier.
- The regulation of new technology may lower the integrity of a sport by discouraging innovation.
å5ãBased on Source B, which of the following best supports REASON 3 in the essay outline?
- Advanced technology in shoe may encourage more students to run regularly. This is supported by the data; student-athletes rated the running shoes higher than the other groups in two of three features.
- In addition to preventing injury, the running shoes are pleasant to wear. This can be concluded by the fact that more than three quarters of the respondents in each group felt the shoes were comfortable.
- More than half of the runners in each group felt the burden on their legs was reduced. This implies that people may maintain better physical condition thanks to the technology.
- The effectiveness of the new shoe was most evident for recreational runners with more than half feeling less burden on their legs. Advanced equipment can contribute to enjoying running for a longer period of time.
解説ãå1
Which of the following best summarizes Akane’s opinion?
Akane ã®æèŠãæãããèŠçŽããŠããã®ã¯æ¬¡ã®ãã¡ã©ãã§ãã
éžæè¢ã確èªããŸãããã
1. Athletic ability cannot be developed using advanced technology.
éåèœåã¯å
鲿è¡ã䜿ã£ãŠãåäžããŸããã
Akane ã®æèŠã«ãã®ãããªè©±ã¯ãããŸããããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
2. Olympic games will be less exciting with the latest equipment.
ãªãªã³ããã¯ã¯ææ°ã®çšå
·ã䜿ããšé¢çœã¿ãèããŠããŸããŸãã
Akane ã¯ããªãªã³ããã¯ãé¢çœããšãããã§ã¯ãªããšãã®è©±ã¯ããŠããŸããããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
3. Technology can benefit the physical health of elite athletes.
ãã¯ãããžãŒã¯ãããã¢ã¹ãªãŒãã®èº«äœçå¥åº·ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã
ãphysical healthãã«ã€ããŠãAkane ã®æèŠã«ãããããŸãã
Sports should be for all of us, as it benefits our physical and mental health.
ã¹ããŒãã¯å¿èº«ã®å¥åº·ã«è¯ãã®ã§ãã¹ããŒãã¯ç§ãã¡å
šå¡ã®ããã®ãã®ã§ããã¹ãã ã
ãã¯ãããžãŒãå¥åº·ã«åœ¹ç«ã€ã®ã§ã¯ãªããã¹ããŒãèªäœãå¥åº·ã«è¯ããšããæèŠã§ãããŸãããã¯ãelite athletesãã«éå®ããŠããŸããããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
4. The cost of sports might be a barrier for people’s participation.
ã¹ããŒãã«ãããè²»çšã¯ã人ã
ãã¹ããŒãã«åå ããäžã§éå£ãšãªãå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
ãcostãã«ã€ããŠãAkane ã®æèŠã«ãããããŸãã
If the cost of doing a sport is high, then only those with money can participate in it.
ã¹ããŒããããè²»çšãé«ããã°ããéã®ãã人ããåå ã§ããŸããã
éžæè¢ã®å 容ãšåæ§ã®ããšãèšã£ãŠããŸãããã®éžæè¢ãæ£è§£ã§ãã
ãšããããšã§ãæ£è§£ã¯ã4ãã§ãã

èšåã«ãAkane’s opinionããšãããŸãã®ã§ãAkane ã®æèŠã«ç®ãéãããããã«èšåã«åãçµã¿ãŸãããããŸãåæã«å3ã«åããŠãAkane 㯠sports technology ãåãå ¥ããããšã«ã€ããŠãç©æ¥µçãæ¶æ¥µçãã©ã¡ããªã®ãã確èªããŠãããšããã§ãã
解説ãå2
Both Fiona and Michael mention that (ã39ã).
Fiona ãš Michael ã¯ã©ã¡ããïŒã39ãïŒãšè¿°ã¹ãŠããŸãã
Fiona ãš Michael ã®å ±éã®æèŠãéžã¶åé¡ã§ããéžæè¢ã確èªããŸãããã
1. advanced technology can give unfair advantages to some athletes
å
鲿è¡ã¯äžéšã®ã¢ã¹ãªãŒãã«äžåœãªã¢ããã³ããŒãžãäžããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
Fiona ã®æèŠã«ãããããŸãã
The team with a newer boat model completes the race a fraction of a second faster. This might not be considered fair.
æ°åã®ããŒããæã€ããŒã ã¯ãã»ãã®äžç¬æ©ãã¬ãŒã¹ãå®èµ°ããŸããããã¯å
¬å¹³ã§ã¯ãªããšèšãããããããŸããã
Michael ã®æèŠã«ãããããŸãã
New equipment giving advantages to one athlete over a hard-working one is an injustice.
æ°ããçšå
·ã«ãã£ãŠãåªåããŠããéžæãããæå©ã«ãªãéžæããããšããã®ã¯ãäžå
¬å¹³ã§ãã
Fiona ã Michael ãããšãã«ãéå ·ã§äžå ¬å¹³ãèµ·ããããšããæèŠã§ãããã®éžæè¢ãæ£è§£ã§ãã
2. equipment should be considered a part of an athlete’s performance
çšå
·ã¯ã¢ã¹ãªãŒãã®ããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ã®äžéšãšã¿ãªãããã¹ãã§ãã
Fiona ã®æèŠã«ãããããŸãã
“Performance” should be seen as the sum of the athlete’s own abilities plus the equipment available to them.
ãããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ããšã¯ãã¢ã¹ãªãŒãèªèº«ã®èœåãšå©çšå¯èœãªçšå
·ã®åèšãšããŠæããã¹ãã§ãã
Fiona ã¯éžæè¢ãšåããããªæèŠãæã£ãŠããŸããããã Michael ã®æèŠã«ã¯ããã®ãããªè©±ã¯ãããŸããããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
3. the spirit of sport is based on hard work and physical ability
ã¹ããŒã粟ç¥ã¯ãåªåãšèº«äœèœåã«åºã¥ããŠããŸãã
Michael ã®æèŠã«ãããããŸãã
To me, the spirit of sport is putting in the work to maximize your physical ability.
ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠãã¹ããŒã粟ç¥ãšã¯ãèªåã®èº«äœèœåãæå€§éã«çºæ®ããããã«åªåããããšã§ãã
Michael ã¯éžæè¢ãšåããããªæèŠãæã£ãŠããŸããããã Fiona ã®æèŠã«ã¯ããthe spirit of sport / ã¹ããŒãã®ç²Ÿç¥ããšãã£ã話ã¯ãããŸããããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
4. water sports should require training without technology
æ°Žäžã¹ããŒãã¯ããã¯ãããžãŒã«é Œããªããã¬ãŒãã³ã°ã§ããã¹ãã§ãã
Michael ã®æèŠã«ãããããŸãã
Swimming did not require expensive equipment and I used our community pool, which cost little.
é«äŸ¡ãªçšå
·ã¯å¿
èŠãªããè²»çšãã»ãšãã©ããããªãå°åã®ããŒã«ã䜿ã£ãŠããŸããã
Michael ã¯ãã¯ãããžãŒã«é Œããªããã¬ãŒãã³ã°ãããŠããŠããããèªãã«æã£ãŠããããã§ããããã Fiona ã¯ãã¬ãŒãã³ã°ã®è©±èªäœãããŠããŸããããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
ãšããããšã§ãæ£è§£ã¯ã1ãã§ãã

Fiona ãš Michael å ±éã®æ³ããéžã¶åé¡ã§ããããã¯äž»åŒµãã®ãŸãŸã ã£ãã®ã§ãããããããã£ããããããŸãããããnot ïœ fairããinjusticeããšãã£ãåŠå®èªã«æ³šæããŸãããããŸãå1ãšåæ§ã«å3ã«åããŠãFiona ãš Michael ã sports technology ãåãå ¥ããããšã«ã€ããŠãç©æ¥µçãæ¶æ¥µçãã©ã¡ããªã®ãã確èªããŠãããšããã§ãã
解説ãå3
ãWith the above opinions in mind, you have taken a position on sports and technology and written some notes below. Choose the best options to complete (ã40ã)â(ã42ã).
äžèšã®æèŠãèžãŸããããªãã¯ã¹ããŒããšãã¯ãããžãŒã«ã€ããŠèªåã®ç«å Žã衚æãã以äžã«ã¡ã¢ãæžããŸãããæé©ãªéžæè¢ãéžãã§ãïŒã40ãïŒâïŒã42ãïŒã宿ãããŸãããã
ïŒã40ãïŒïœïŒã42ãïŒã¯ãPOSITION: We should accept advancements in sports equipment technology.ãã®é ç®ã«ãããŸããïŒã40ãïŒãšïŒã41ãïŒã¯ãããããŸãã
POSITION: We should accept advancements in sports equipment technology.
ç«å ŽïŒç§ãã¡ã¯ã¹ããŒãçšå
·ã®ãã¯ãããžãŒã®é²æ©ãåãå
¥ããã¹ãã§ãã
(ã40ã) and (ã41ã) support this position the most.
ïŒã40ãïŒãšïŒã41ãïŒããã®ç«å Žãæãæ¯æããŠããŸãã
ã€ãŸããã¹ããŒãçšå ·ã®ãã¯ãããžãŒã®é²æ©ãåãå ¥ããã¹ãããšèãã人ããéžæè¢ããäºäººéžã¶åé¡ã§ãã
å1ã§ Akane ãåŠå®çãªã®ã確èªããŸããããŸãå2ã§ Michael ãåŠå®çãªã®ã確èªããŸããããŸã Fiona ã¯ããè¯ãçšå ·ã䜿ããããšããéžæå¿çãçè§£ãã€ã€ããåæã«æžå¿µãæã£ãŠããŸããäžç«ã®ç«å Žã§ããããããšããããšã¯æ®ãã® Jack ãš Tamara ãè¯å®çã ãšæ³å®ã§ããŸãã
Jack ã®æèŠã«ãããããŸãã
Technology makes sports more thrilling for fans.
ãã¯ãããžãŒã¯ããã¡ã³ã«ãšã£ãŠã¹ããŒããããã¹ãªãªã³ã°ãªãã®ã«ããŸãã
Tamara ã®æèŠã«ãããããŸãã
Sports equipment is continually changing. Innovation in sports technology has improved the quality of games.
ã¹ããŒãçšå
·ã¯åžžã«å€åãç¶ããŠããŸããã¹ããŒããã¯ãããžãŒã®é©æ°ã¯ã詊åã®è³ªãåäžãããŠããŸããã
Jack ãš Tamara ã¯äž¡æ¹ãã¹ããŒãçšå ·ã®ãã¯ãããžãŒã®é²æ©ãåãå ¥ããã¹ãããšããèãæ¹ã®ããã§ãããšããããšã§ãæ£è§£ã¯ã3ããšã5ãã§ãã
ïŒã42ãïŒã¯ãããããŸãã
An idea shared by these two people is that (ã42ã).
ãã®2人ãå
±æããŠããèãã¯ãïŒã42ãïŒã§ãã
Jack ãš Tamara ã«å ±éããèãããéžæè¢ããéžã¶åé¡ã§ããéžæè¢ã確èªããŸãããã
1. advancements in technology promote the evolution of sports
ãã¯ãããžãŒã®é²æ©ã¯ã¹ããŒãã®é²åãä¿é²ããŸãã
Jack ã¯ã¹ããŒãã¹ã±ãŒãã®èšé²ãæŽæ°ãããã Tamara ã¯ããã¹ã®è©Šåã®è³ªãåäžãããšèšã£ãŠããŸãããã®éžæè¢ãæ£è§£ã§ãã
2. athletes play a role in the enhancement of sports equipment
ã¢ã¹ãªãŒãã¯ã¹ããŒãçšå
·ã®æ¹è¯ã«è²¢ç®ããŸãã
ãã®ãããªè©±ã¯ãããŸããããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
3. technology contributes to the breaking of sporting records
ãã¯ãããžãŒã¯ã¹ããŒãèšé²ã®æš¹ç«ã«è²¢ç®ããŸãã
Jack ã¯ã¹ããŒãã¹ã±ãŒãã®èšé²ã«ã€ããŠè§ŠããŠããŸããããã Tamara ã¯ããã¹ã®è©Šåã®è³ªã«è§ŠããŠããŸããããrecord / èšé²ãã«ã¯è§ŠããŠããŸããããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
4. technology helps improve the experience of playing sports
ãã¯ãããžãŒã¯ã¹ããŒãã®ãã¬ãŒäœéšã®åäžã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã
Tamara ã¯ããã¹ã©ã±ããã®é²åã«ãããããŒã«ã匷ãæã£ãããããŸãã³ã³ãããŒã«ãããããããšãã§ããããã«ãªã£ããšèšã£ãŠããŸããããã¯ãã¬ãŒäœéšã®åäžã«åœ¹ç«ã€ãšèšããªãããªãã§ããäžæ¹ Jack ã¯ã¹ããŒãã¹ã±ãŒãã®èšé²ã«ã€ããŠè§ŠããŠããŸããããããexperience / äœéšãã«ã€ããŠã¯è§ŠããŠããŸããããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
ãšããããšã§ãæ£è§£ã¯ã1ãã§ãã

å1ã»2ãè§£ããæ®µéã§ã3人ã®ç«å Žãåãã£ãŠããã¯ãã§ããä»åã ãš Akane, Fiona, Michael ãšãã«è¯å®çãªç«å Žã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ãïŒã40ãïŒãšïŒã41ãïŒã«å ¥ãã®ã Jack ãš Tamara ã ãšãããããããšæããŸãããªã®ã§å3ã¯ããã®äºäººã«å ±éããèããèŠã€ããããšã«éäžããã¯è¯ãã§ããã
解説ãå4
Based on Source A, which of the following is the most appropriate for REASON 2 in the essay outline?
è³æAã«åºã¥ãããšãã»ã€ã®ã¢ãŠãã©ã€ã³ã®ãçç±2ããšããŠæãé©åãªã®ã¯ã©ãã§ãã
ãREASON 2ã㯠[Step 3] ã® outline ã«ãããŸãã
REASON 2: (ã43ã) [based on Source A]
çç±2ïŒã43ãïŒ: è³æA ã«åºã¥ã
outline ã«ã¯ããã®åã«ãIntroduction / å眮ããããããŸãããã®éšåã確èªããŸãããã
There are some issues with sports technology, but because of its current and potential contributions, we should accept it.
ã¹ããŒããã¯ãããžãŒã«ã¯ããã€ãã®åé¡ç¹ããããŸãããçŸåšããã³å°æ¥ã®è²¢ç®ãèãããšãç§ãã¡ã¯ãããåãå
¥ããã¹ãã§ãã
ã€ãŸããã¹ããŒããã¯ãããžãŒãåãå ¥ããçç±ããSource Aãã«åºã¥ããŠãéžæè¢ããéžã¶åé¡ã§ããéžæè¢ã確èªããŸãããã
1. New technology will make a sport more accessible and thus motivate more people to start it.
æ°ãããã¯ãããžãŒã¯ã¹ããŒãããã身è¿ãªãã®ã«ããããå€ãã®äººã
ãã¹ããŒããå§ããåæ©ãšãªãã§ãããã
ãSource Aãã«ãããããŸãã
Sports technology makes sports better for everyone.
ã¹ããŒããã¯ãããžãŒã¯ã誰ã«ãšã£ãŠãã¹ããŒããããè¯ãããŸãã
ã¹ããŒããããè¯ããããšã¯èšã£ãŠããŸããããããã¹ããŒããå§ããåæ©ã«ãªããšãŸã§ã¯èšã£ãŠããŸããããã®éžæè¢ã¯éããŸãã
2. New technology with regulation improves the sporting experience while maintain a sport’s value.
èŠå¶ãäŒŽãæ°ãããã¯ãããžãŒã¯ãã¹ããŒãã®äŸ¡å€ãç¶æããªãããã¹ããŒãäœéšãåäžãããŸãã
ãregulation / èŠå¶ãã«ã€ããŠããSource Aãã«ãããããŸãã
In 2020, World Athletics set concrete specifications for running shoes and regulations on their materials. It also created a rule that any shoe used in a race had to be available on the market for at least four months beforehand. As a result of these measures, no running shoe could be constructed in a way that made running too easy and every runner could benefit from new technology.
2020幎ãäžçéžäžç«¶æé£çã¯ã©ã³ãã³ã°ã·ã¥ãŒãºã®å
·äœçãªä»æ§ãšçŽ æã«é¢ããèŠå¶ãå®ããŸããããŸããã¬ãŒã¹ã§äœ¿çšããã·ã¥ãŒãºã¯ãå°ãªããšã4ãæåããåžå Žã§å
¥æå¯èœã§ãªããã°ãªããªããšããèŠåãå¶å®ããŸããããããã®æªçœ®ã®çµæãã©ã³ãã³ã°ãç°¡åã«ãããããããªã©ã³ãã³ã°ã·ã¥ãŒãºã¯äœãããªããªãããã¹ãŠã®ã©ã³ããŒãæ°ãããã¯ãããžãŒã®æ©æµãåããããšãã§ããããã«ãªããŸããã
èŠå¶ã䌎ããã¯ãããžãŒã®ãããã§ããã©ã³ãã³ã°ãç°¡åãããªãããšããã¹ããŒãã®äŸ¡å€ãç¶æããªãããããã¯ãããžãŒã®æ©æµãåããããšããã¹ããŒãäœéšã®åäžããããŠããŸãããã®éžæè¢ãæ£è§£ã§ãã
3. The introduction of new technology can enhance the integrity of a sport by making it easier.
æ°ãããã¯ãããžãŒã®å°å
¥ã¯ãã¹ããŒãããã容æã«ããããšã§ãã¹ããŒãã®å¥å
šæ§ãé«ããããšãã§ããŸãã
ãthe integrity of a sport / ã¹ããŒãã®å¥å šæ§ãã«ã€ããŠããSource Aãã«ãããããŸãã
One the other hand, it is sometimes argued that technology can threaten the integrity or value of a sport.
äžæ¹ã§ããã¯ãããžãŒãã¹ããŒãã®å¥å
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4. The regulation of new technology may lower the integrity of a sport by discouraging innovation.
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Wise regulation can ensure that this does not happen.
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Based on Source B, which of the following best supports REASON 3 in the essay outline?
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REASON 3: Advanced technology in sports equipment can contribute to injury prevention. [based on support from Source B: (ã44ã)]
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1. Advanced technology in shoe may encourage more students to run regularly. This is supported by the data; student-athletes rated the running shoes higher than the other groups in two of three features.
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2. In addition to preventing injury, the running shoes are pleasant to wear. This can be concluded by the fact that more than three quarters of the respondents in each group felt the shoes were comfortable.
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3. More than half of the runners in each group felt the burden on their legs was reduced. This implies that people may maintain better physical condition thanks to the technology.
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4. The effectiveness of the new shoe was most evident for recreational runners with more than half feeling less burden on their legs. Advanced equipment can contribute to enjoying running for a longer period of time.
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